Banana peelings dishwasher

This investigative project aims to invent a new form of an alternative or a substitute for the commercial dishwashing liquid using the Banana (MUSM Sapient) Peelings. In this, the sufferings from buying commercial dishwashing liquid that contributes to our daily cost and the suffering that we face in using detergent bar in plates will be lessen or will be decrease. Instead of using harmful chemicals in manufacturing dishwashing liquid, we replaced it with Banana peelings as an effective cleaning agent. Through this we can help to ease the case of water pollutions because 70% of the Earth is water.Even this project has a very great contribute and help, there are a lot of factories that doesn't concern about what will happen in every rime that they discharge the chemicals that they used in manufacturing dishwashing liquids. It may lead to water pollution then after, the fishes and other aquatic living things will be affected. This are the main problem in water pollution. As a citizen o f this nation, we have obligations to our county and nature that's why we came up with this project that will surely lessen the use of chemicals in making dishwashing liquid.Specifically, this investigative project aim to; A. Determine the Feasibility of Banana peelings as an alternative or substitute for the commercial dishwashing liquid. B. )Assess the banana peelings dishwashing liquid and commercial dishwashing liquid in terms of its odor, cleaning agents and the effectiveness in greasiness and oiliness of an individual plate. C. ) Compare MUSM Sapient Dishwasher to commercial ones. Only Banana (MUSM Sapient) Peelings and Washing Soda was used in this project. The study employed; 1 .Preparation of the product ; 2 Analyses of the product ; 3. Evaluation Of The MUSM Sapient Dishwasher. The procedure is easy and can be done easily through the help of the available materials found in our kitchen. H Kilogram of banana peelings were gathered , cut into small pieces , blended or pounde d using mortar and pestle. Filtrate the blended peelings on a filter paper or clothe and extract the liquid and place in a boiler. Mix until it thickens, let it cool completely. We can add any essential oils and food color of we desire.Based from the researches and study conducted the following results determined that the Banana peelings can be used as an alternative for the immemorial dishwashing liquids and product was assess through testing the sample. We therefore conclude that our finished product â€Å"MUSM Sapient Dishwasher† has the feasibility to be an alternative dishwashing liquid for the commercial ones. Page 3 Introduction A. Background of the study Our nature , our place of living our life – the Earth, is fully affected by changing technologies , factories and other industrialized plants.The discharged chemicals from a vast number of factories on our river and other water phases was continuously destroyed and damaged, all the chemicals nutrients major for the destruction of our water phases- the Aquatic living things died because of the harmful properties of a chemical. This study aims to produce an CEO-friendly dishwashing liquid. It emphasizes to help the world problem- the water pollution. Nowadays, people often used branded dishwashing liquid or detergent bar in washing plates but they don't know the consequences in using it.In this wide search, the researchers found that there is a key to the problem – water pollution which may be found in Banana peelings. B. Statement Of The Problem This project generally endeavor to manufacture a high quality substitute for the commercial dishwashing liquid from banana peelings and perform physical analyses to test its cleaning properties through comparative analyses. Specifically, this project endeavor to: 1 . Control the water pollution. 2. Determine the Feasibility of Banana peelings as an alternative or substitute for the commercial dishwasher inning liquid 3.Assess the banana peel ings dishwashing liquid and commercial dishwashing liquid in terms of its odor, cleaning agents and the effectiveness in greasiness and oiliness of an individual plate. Page 4 C. Significance Of the Study Water pollution is one of the most major issues the world is facing nowadays, which leads to death of the aquatic living things that will greatly affect us in terms of Fisheries and if not stopped it may lead to terrible global changes. Here in the Philippines pollution is greatly caused by improper expulsion of chemicals from factories and other industrial unit or plants.This project will significantly help the environment ease the chemical problems that causes water pollution , price hike and health problems like gastrointestinal diseases. D. Scope and Limitation This study deals with Banana (MUSM Sapient ) specifically its peelings. The banana peelings were gathered when we eat banana or in a banana cue stand. We gathered evaluations on how effective the banana peelings as a dis hwashing liquid, and also how bacteria will react when they are washed using the MUSM Sapient Dishwasher.We did not study about how long does our product will endure (months/years), but we test it and it is really effective dishwasher. Formulation of Hypothesis 1 . Banana Peelings dishwashing liquid can be a good substitute for immemorial dishwashing liquid with it same properties like odor, cleaning properties and effectiveness to greasiness and oiliness. 2. Banana Peelings dishwashing liquid can be an efficient bacterial killer. 3. Banana peelings dishwashing liquid is cheaper and easy to make that the commercial dishwashing liquid. Page 5 Definition of Terms a.Peelings-skin or covering of anything. Can define as parings, shavings, barks, husks, wrapping, shells or crusts. B. DISHWASHING LIQUID-from the root word dish and wash , a thing used to wash a dish usually liquid. C. Greasiness- can define as fatty, slippery and slimy. A dirt usually from a plate. D. Loneliness- can define as the texture of thing and a dirt from fatty foods. E. FEASIBILITY-can be defined as viability, possibility, practicability or acceptability. Review of Related Literature Banana- MUSM sapient or Banana is one the most widely recognized and consumed fruits in the world.They are considered valuable both for their nutritional qualities as well as their economic qualities, and they come in a variety of colors, flavors and sizes. Not only the banana fruit is useful, but also its skin. Banana skins are composed of nutritional, non nutritional contents ND minerals. Banana peels have become a supply of nutrients for animal feedstock and a fertilizer. Banana peels have special cleaning properties that make them a tremendous environmentally friendly cleaning product. The fibrous part (cellulose) of banana peel is one of its cleaning properties.It helps clean walls and other materials. The moist peel of a fresh banana contains many useful cleaning enzymes and organic cleaning chemicals that are not only effective, but are safe for the environment. One nice thing about banana peels is that they give a fresh, pleasurable scent to your home. Banana peels are also recyclable, which makes them completely risk-free to the environment Washing Soda- (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals), Niacin is a sodium salt of carbonic acid.It most commonly occurs as a crystalline hyphenated, which readily effloresce to form a white powder, the moderately. Sodium carbonate is domestically well known for its everyday use as a water softener. It can be extracted from the ashes of many plants. Polyethylene Glycol- PEG is the basis of many skin creams (as cataloger) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin). PEG is used in a umber of toothpastes as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep Jonathan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.

Policy Development Essay

Domestic violence can be described as any form of deliberate coercion, bodily harm, sexual assault, or any other form of violent behavior committed by an intimate partner. Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Violence against an intimate partner is frequently followed by psychological abuse and controlling behavior relating to the methodical blueprint of power and control. Domestic violence comes in many forms but not always seen by the naked eye. Domestic violence constitutes forms of physical abuse, psychological abuse or even death that can be seen by other family members possibly causing a continuous cycle of abuse for generations to come. Facts and Statistics It is hard to grasp the notion that somewhere in the world every nine seconds a woman is being beaten or assaulted. On average, 85% of victims of domestic violence are women and 1 in every three women will endure some form of domestic violence in their natural life. Sadly enough only one fourth of all victims who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner will actually report it to the police, implying that official statistics will never justify the full scope of the problem. The average age of a female victim who is at the greatest risk of harm by an intimate partner is between 20 to 24 years old. Domestic violence is the primary source of harm to a woman over all other possible harmful circumstances she will encounter. As if domestic violence isn’t already difficult enough for women to endure in an intimate relationship, if she has a male child who witnesses these assaults he is now two times more likely to abuse his partner or children as an adult passing along the cycle of abuse for our future. Statistics have shown that 30% to 60% of intimate partners who assault also assault their children. Intimate partner homicides that are reported to police make up  approximately one third of female homicide victims and 70% to 80% of those victims had a previous assault history. A very small amount of victims actually seek medical treatment after an assault but yet a vastly larger number of approximately 18.5 million victims seek mental health treatment following an assault. Separation isn’t always the ultimate solution to the problem. Over 70% of women who were injured during a domestic violence assault were assaulted after the separation (Safehorizon,  2014). Stakeholders Law Enforcement Often time’s victimization in cases of domestic violence is conducted behind closed doors causing law enforcement to become the first line of defense for victims of domestic violence. If the response of the police is extremely insufficient it has a negative impact on the victim making them less likely to use the criminal justice system in the future. There are typically three types of police responses to domestic violence: non-intervention, mediation, and arrest. The initial typical police response to domestic violence was the non-intervention way as police felt that domestic violence was a private matter best kept at home. The second approach is mediation which promotes crisis intervention including separating both parties, reconciliation, or social services referral. This method was designed to keep domestic violence out of the criminal justice system however, it proved to be ineffective. Now a more practiced policy to domestic violence is the arrest of an offender as a pres umed or mandatory response. Domestic violence cases are different in the sense that the offender can be taken into custody under a warrantless arrest as these types of misdemeanors do not have to occur in the officer’s presence. Legal changes have been made where officers now arrest the primary aggressor instead of the old dual arrest practices affecting the victim more than the offender. It has been shown that an officer is more often than not the victim’s last resort to alleviate the problem as they typically chose other routes as to not affect their livelihood. In all domestic violence situations officers shall make an arrest when an offense of violence has been presented, treat these acts of domestic violence as criminal, never disregard protection against domestic violence based upon race, religion, sexual orientation, immediately report  all cases of family violence, and receive training on domestic violence required by law (Erez,  2002). Due to the fact that domestic violence affects a large number of people, it is plausible to say that leaving the abuser is not as easy as people may think which would ultimately stop the abuse. Since this is true, law enforcement must approach domestic violence as serious as they approach any other significant crime by providing time, resources and attention. Given that law enforcement is spending a ton of time focusing on domestic violence, it is important for these agencies to establish a domestic violence policy that indicates reports will be completed on each domestic violence call regardless of whether or not an arrest was made. The most significant and respected service a law enforcement officer can provide to a victim is an arrest of their abuser (Klein,  2009). Prosecutors Prosecutors play a very important role in the prosecution of abusers within the criminal justice system in hopes of providing harsh judgments preventing reoffending and better protection of victims. If prosecutors fail to prosecute the bulk of domestic violence cases conducted by law enforcement an internal examination into their practices, policies, and priorities should be conducted providing an explanation as to why fewer prosecutions are being processed. They should not allow victims who are unwilling to prosecute their abuser stop them from proceeding on with the case. If a vast number of victims are willing to sign an affidavit of non prosecution, it is certain that prosecutors and law enforcement must come up with a better a way for victims to trust them so more cases are prosecuted. For prosecutors to gain a more successful prosecution rate, they must enhance victim cooperation and involvement by concentrating on the victim’s fears of being abused again or testifying i n court without fear of retaliation. In the event that a defendant possesses serious risk to the victim during trial, prosecutors must take all measures to protect the victim to effectively prosecute the case. It has been insisted upon by the judge that prosecutors report to the court any defendant’s negative actions such as reoffending, threatening or intimidating the victim so that potentially other charges can be added while the original case is still pending. While still being compassionate towards the victim, prosecution must base it case  on the law and penalties of the law versus the individual preferences of the victim as they tend to become more lenient during the course of the trial fearing retaliation in the future. Prosecution must also notify the defendant of this process so they don’t believe this is based upon the victim’s requests. Prosecutors must work hand in hand with law enforcement to obtain all the evidence associated with the case as well as identify and include all witnesses involved. Domestic violence can be deterred if prosecution sufficiently concentrates on the abuser risk by inflicting harsh sentences such as supervised probation and incarceration while revealing the defendants prior criminal and abuse history in hopes to prevent reoffending (Klein,  2009). The ideals that lawmakers had on prosecution or adjudication for domestic violence is consequently not being enforced. Legal representatives may become doubtful about the irregularity of violent behavior, or disbelieve the seriousness of the complainants, can either enforce the law firmly for prosecution purposes, or at the same time be understanding of the physical aggression that could be considered efficient punishment for the victim’s marital infidelity. Legal representatives are prone to characterize domestic violence as a civil matter for a ruling in divorce courts versus criminal courts. The prosecution and adjudication phases are substantial for offenders ultimately deciding their guilt or innocence, establishing a criminal record and providing a punishment. These phases are significant for the victim as well as they begin to trust the criminal justice system again (Erez,  2002). Judges Judges can ultimately be the final step in the adjudication process of domestic violence abusers so their role is extremely crucial in the protection of the victim. Merely handing down a guilty verdict does not guarantee reoffending of the abuser so judges should concentrate more on invasive sentences that include incarceration especially for those who are repeat offenders and those with an extensive criminal history. Even though judges should be open-minded when it comes to the views of the victims regarding punishment, he must enlighten all parties involved that he is compelled to hand out the most appropriate sentence pertaining to this case regardless of whether or not the victim agrees. Regardless whether the  defendant turns himself into the court for a domestic violence case, he should be treated as seriously as the offender arrested on scene as it has been shown that the typical offender flees the scene of the incident prior to officer’s arrival where a warrant is la ter issued for their arrest. Judges should hand down sentences that reflect the offender’s prior criminal history as those are signs of possible reoffending regardless if it reflects prior domestic violence offenses. In the event a defendant offends while pending another court case for domestic violence, judges may take that into account for purposes of bail, civil orders, and sentencing. Affidavits filled out by the victim don’t fully describe the abuse suffered by the victim or the fear of future abuse as this document is solely based upon the incident at hand. It is extremely valuable for the judge to further investigate this case by asking the victim more questions as well as examining the prior arrest history of the offender to have a better grasp on the whole picture relating to the abuse. Judges may issue protective orders to the victim but unfortunately this is only a strong piece of paper and it does not prevent abusers from reoffending. Judges should make every effort to house a user friendly courtroom, safe environment for all parties involved, be compassionate to the victims, and yet stern with defendants once some sort of abuse has been brought forward. When judges are able to represent the courtroom in this manner victims concerns are validated and the defendant’s behavior is shown to be unacceptable (Klein,  2009). Public Opinion Most people are in agreement that someone should step in when an abusive domestic violence situation arises, but they don’t agree on what their involvement should be, or the responsibility of the victim to reduce the violence by removing themselves from the abusive relationship. Even though people have the same opinion about domestic violence being a criminal act, they are not essentially on the same page that police should regularly arrest the offender or use other corrective authority versus using other alternatives. This apparent apprehension may be the outcome of people’s uncertainty concerning the applications of criminal sanctions. One theory is they believe offenders warrant the penalty of arrest or jail, yet another theory is they are often practical about the efficiency of the punishment  actually putting a stop to the aggressive actions or the probability the penalty will ultimately protect the victim. A more promising effect is possibly that of rehabilitation and victim or community focused changes. Nonetheless, such changes like offender treatments, education, and victims ultimately leaving the relationship continue to be a rare result (Carlson,  2002). Reform Recent reform within the prosecution and adjudication process of domestic violence includes the issuance of protective order as well as special legal defenses for battered women who have killed their abuser. At one time civil protection orders were only obtainable through a pending divorce, recently they have been pushed through legislation for battered women who are not currently involved in a divorce proceeding. The main objective of domestic violence reform has been aimed at the prosecution process as it has been found that too many cases, misdemeanors, were falling out of the criminal justice process during different stages. Through the years, domestic violence has become one of the most talked about policies and is in constant reform as ideals are continuously changing. Historically very little action by the police and prosecutors has been done regarding domestic violence and without a more serious offense, prior record of offender, possible weapon use, injuries, or physical evi dence most cases won’t see the inside of a courtroom. The most effective way to present a domestic violence case before the court is to have the victim’s cooperation but yet most prosecutors predict that victims will sign an affidavit of non prosecution ultimately dismissing the case altogether typically causing prosecutors to hesitate before filling a case. Prosecution efforts should be based upon the victim’s safety not the conviction of the offender. It should also be an approach to getting the word out to the offender that the abuse is unacceptable and will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have recently found a way to prosecute domestic violence offenses even when the complainant does not want to pursue charges. They have implemented victim advocacy programs within the prosecutor’s office in hopes to boost victim retention within the process. Another approach is the evidence based prosecution, which is the idea of gathering all significant evidence to build a case against an  offender without the victim. Many peo ple believe these practices take away from the victim’s freedoms of determining their course of action (Erez,  2002). Another reform is that of the battered woman syndrome which has been employed in hopes of fixing past practices of disregarding the difficulty battered women face when she wants to defend herself in court, or the necessity to apply principals of law, or self defense that were not particularly appropriate for issues relating to abuse. This tactic has been used as a legal defense for women who battered or killed their abuser after they have suffered many years of abuse and responded by causing harm or death to them. Often times these cases are from battered women who harm their abuser without first being irritated due to the psychological state of mind the victim has suffered for many years (Erez,  2002). Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Without the constant fight by all stakeholders within the criminal justice system for the victims of domestic violence, no real solution to the problem can come of this resolve. Constant and continuous reform is necessary to maintain the safety and security of all victims preserving their trust with the criminal justice system.  

Iran Country Assessment

The Islamic Republic of Iran is a country governed by a regime that began with a revolution headed by Ayatollah Khomeini over two decades ago. Khomeini was the first to label the United States as the ‘Great Satan. ’ Although the Iranian government denies it, terrorism has been actively supported, both materially and morally, for years by Iran and Iran supports efforts damaging to the U. S. If the more extreme elements in Iran continue to hold power and arm themselves with nuclear weapons, the international repercussions would be far-reaching.Understanding of Iran is important for members of the U. S. Armed Forces in order to comprehend the scope of Iran’s extremist’s leanings. On the other hand, many of Iran’s citizens love the United States and are resentful of Iran’s oppressive regime. The anti democracy and hindrance of personal liberty have taken a large toll on the Iranian youth. Iran’s younger generation has put forth a lot of res istance against this oppressive regime. Over two thirds of Iran’s population is under the age of 30, which is good from an operational standpoint.This massive amount of young people generally feels that there is hope to moderate if not remove the oppressive regime. Recently a few young Iranians have been frustrated to the point of actively demonstrating against the regime. It is also important to mention many younger Iranians want improved relations with the United States. Most urban Iranians have access to the Internet and satellite television and are able to compare their standard of living with that of the United States and Western Europe.The Kurdish people believe that they are a nation in itself that are deserving of a sovereign homeland. After the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, many Kurdish sided with the Iranian leftist and protested against Ayatollah Khomeini and his regime. In 1979, the Kurdish formed a rebellion, which ended with thousands of Kurdish dea d. Shortly after this, Khomeini centered his power and banded Kurds from serving in government office and greatly enforced freedom of expression.The Party of Free Life of Kurdistan is a militant group that is based out of Iraq but has been consistently performing operations in Iran. Iran has prepared to conduct military action against the group and has moved a large portion of Iran’s military to Kurdistan to hinder the uprising of the militant group. The Party of Free Life of Kurdistan would be a great asset to possible future operation in Kurdistan. The party is semi supportive of the United States but will most likely be more than willing to help in U.S operations in Iran due to their long-term goal of destroying the regime. Iran is a tough operational problem set due to their advanced military and technical power. Operations in Iran should be focused on using the people of Iran to include the youth and Kurdish people. Intelligence operations would be better suited for usin g Iran’s youth because they are more supportive of the Untied States and have the ability to work in Iran’s government and military. The Kurdish are not trusted in the government and would not be able to provide accurate intelligence.Operations should be held out of North East Iraq due to the likelihood of Iraq cooperating with the United States during operations. Iraq has a large portion of Kurdistan and it would be easy to work with the Kurds right out of Iraq. Iran and Iraq have a long history of war which only furthers Iraqs likelihood of helping the U. S. Iran is a very dynamic and technologically advanced country, which presents many intelligence issues. The help of Kurdistan, Iranian youth and Iraq would greatly increase the likelihood of operational success in Iran.

Strength to love by martin luther king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strength to love by martin luther king - Essay Example It is therefore accurate to attach meaning of finding Christian version of interpretation of love to the book, within the context of a cold society in search of vital love lessons. In the definition of the actual meaning of the book for wider social interpretations, it is perhaps important to locate the historic time around which the author compiled his work. Martin Luther King Jr. as an African American living in the mid 20th century was not only a witness of massive social issues in the American society but also actively took part in advocacy of civil rights. America’s past within the context of social segregation and discrimination was full of cases of injustices ranging from mere intolerance to violent infringement of civil rights. The rebuilding of the society that was changing fast to adopt social reforms embracing human rights, social integration, and justice for every member of the human race was on the increase around the world. In light of the difficult circumstances exposed to the racial minority groups, the author had to emerge to the fore and contribute to regain cohesion based on deep convictions of love preached by the Christian faith. As highlighted above, the author’s target audience emerges not only from the title’s implied intention but also from the historic circumstances during the compilation of the book. The first impression created by the title is that the audience was in need of encouragement to gather strength, for which purpose definition manifests in the word love. In describing the injustices exposed to the racial minorities, particularly during the 20th century developments, it is clear that the book tackles important social and historic events in the United States. The culture of discrimination and social exclusion coupled to extreme human life violations exposed to the minorities had to end according to the author (King 8). Rebuilding hope

Monstrous Discourse & the Cultural Moment Essay

Monstrous Discourse & the Cultural Moment - Essay Example These included: Sleeping may cause humans to lack better judgement and reasoning. As a result, the lack of both of these attributes could create monsters through our imagination. This was clearly seen in his piece where the artist was surrounded by monster like creatures such as owls, bats and cats while he was sleeping. It is without doubt that each of those animals that were portrayed by Goya had their own meaning. For example; owls are thought to be mystical creatures that can be used in witchcraft. To the Spanish speaking people, owls are termed as â€Å"Lechusa† and to them; these winged birds are related to dark tales and evil spirits. Bats on the other hand are creatures of the night since they mostly appear while people are asleep. Another literal meaning of the piece was that the lack of reasoning while we sleep makes human beings come up with illusions of what the world is. As a result, these illusions could be in the form of night mares. Again, the creatures could b e termed as nightmares to the artist who was sleeping. Goya made an etching which stated that, â€Å"Imagination abandoned by reason produces impossible monsters: united with her, she is the mother of the arts and the source of her wonders† (Gamwell 78). This statement could have meant that art is a combination of reason and imagination. However, both of these attributes should have their limitations else it would turn out to be insanity. According to Goya, majority of the things that were committed by mankind and they lacked reason were actually based on the concept "sleep of reason". The Romantic Era (Romanticism period) was a period that occurred during the 18th century and it was filled with enlightenment. It was also known as the age on intellect where art was projected with a twist of emotions; that is, majority of the artistic portraits were not only a representation of what existed, but they also incorporated the aspect of feelings and emotions from the artist to the audience. During this period, there were a number of moments that took place; however, the most significant cultural moment that took place was in 1886; specifically on the 28th October 1886 while the statue of Liberty was being unveiled. The statue has a long history behind it. Before the statue was unveiled, America was at war with Britain starting 1775. This war was referred to as the American War of Independence (American Revolutionary War). The major cause of the war was that America was rejecting the colonial rule of the British. They wanted to be an independent nation. The war lasted for a period of six (6) years. And during that duration, there were thousands of casualties as a result of the fighting. In 1778, America was down with trade and they had no option but to look for allies such as France. As a sign of their support, they also declared war on Britain. In 1783, there were peace talks in Paris, France which led to the end of the American Revolutionary War. This was th e period when the statue of Liberty was given to America by France as a sign of support (endeavour) after the American Revolutionary war. The design of the statue was set up on a pedestal that had already been built on an Island that was located in New York. However, the island was later re-named Liberty Island with regard to the statue and its significance. The unveiling of the statue of Lib

Propaganda Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Propaganda - Term Paper Example Firstly, the total can be understood as a function of the effect of the entire message. Lowe’s provided on its handouts the following quote, â€Å"To honor our armed forces, Lowes will be providing customers will complimentary bumper stickers that offer a simple ‘Thank You’ to our troops. A limited quantity of ‘Thank You’ stickers, with an image of the American flag, will be available in-store during the veterans day weekend.† The totality of this message, although simple, has various levels of meaning that help to explain why such a symbol serves as a piece of propaganda (Collins 15). Though further meaning will be extrapolated from each of the words that this statement entails, it is important to weigh the statement from its total meaning. Two main thoughts are therefore passed to the reader. The first of these is that it is their responsibility to honor sacrifice. The second is that Lowe’s is performing this service by virtue of its u nderstanding of the role it plays as a community leader. Secondly, the particular piece of propaganda must be understood with relation to the time that it appeared. Firstly, this understanding of time is with relation to the time of year that the bumper stickers appeared; that of Veteran’s Day. Thus, the powerfully evocative effect is that one understands this particular part of the year/season is important and should necessarily be noted by both shopper and retailer alike. It is worth additionally noted that implied within this form of propaganda is the distinct understanding the sacrifices of the troops that are being â€Å"thanked† allows us to enjoy the American way – capitalism, low prices, and a warehouse full of choices. Although none of this is directly printed, the implied levels of meaning are most certainly extant. Likewise, the element of time relates to some other concurrent

BP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BP - Essay Example Among the various factors that affect blood pressure measurement is the lying or seated position. Clinicians suggest that the seated position is best for the measurement. While in the seated position another factor that also has an influence is the leg position. A flat feet position is generally recommended during blood pressure measurement. However, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of two leg positions on blood pressure in stage 1 or 2 hypertensive patients of Turkish origin and between 18 and 65 years of age. The measurement of the changes in blood pressure taken within a 3 minute interval between the two positions viz., feet flat and cross legged position is the major procedure of the study. The changes in both the systolic and diastolic pressures are to be considered. A comparison of the mean values of the two measurements calculated by a t-test is proposed to determine the effect of both the positions on the blood pressure of the patients. Previous studies carried out by other researchers have shown that crossed legged position had a prominent effect on blood pressure in hypertensive patients as it increased both the systolic and diastolic pressures. The physiological reason for the increase can be attributed to â€Å"a translocation of blood volume from the dependent vascular beds to the thoracic compartment†. While some other studies have not found any significant changes in blood pressure due to cross legged position and though the clinical guidelines do not emphasize the patients to keep a flat feet during measurement, the majority of studies that have recorded significant changes in blood pressure when the leg is cross legged cannot be ignored. Hence it is wise to follow the flat feet position during blood pressure measurement to avoid any errors or unwarranted changes in the measurement. The

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Business Ethics - Essay Example My assessment of the strengths of utilitarianism is that it is simple and provides a straightforward manner of an ethical decision making of minimizing pain to the users and to the others and that, the principles put forth are applicable in the society. Deontology makes a moral action through focusing on adhering to moral rules (Boylan, 2014). The right choice is when the moral rules dictate that it is right and has no place for subjectivity while the wrong choice is which is not morally accepted by the set moral rules and it is believed to be wrong. The argument that can be fronted by deontologists is that adherence to moral duty may lead to an action that ought to have been considered immoral, but if the right motivations led to the decision, the action is considered moral. Actions are not considered based on their consequences, but the rightness or wrongness of an action based on moral rules of behavior guiding the decision. The main strengths of deontology are ability ti make concern to family, friends, and relatives, use of moral standing, and better performance of one’s duties. Ethical Intuitionism believes in the existence of moral beliefs that are discovered through intuition and through intuitive awareness, one decides on the wrongness or rightness of a choice through assessing these moral values and beliefs (Boylan, 2014). The argument in this case would be the choice of an action was based on the intuitive moral beliefs of a person that the decision was morally right. The main strengths of intuitionism are that it allows individuals to answer issues instantly and clearly, is dependent on human nature and is very simple. Virtue ethics emphasizes on the person and not the action where a right action is the choice that could be taken by a virtuous person with the wrong action being the action that a non-virtuous person would take. The argument would be that the action

Art as a social commentary in Salgagos The Salt of the Earth Essay

Art as a social commentary in Salgagos The Salt of the Earth - Essay Example On these pictures, we could clearly see the suffering of the people in poor places. On the other hand, It touches our mind that the artist had shown well in the picture. On the other hand, these pictures let us think about the darkest parts of the world which we never suffer. The artist took many risks to report the truth in the world. All of his pictures are showing the emotion from different kinds of people in Brazil. According to the quote in why art, â€Å"Good art is a trying of vision, in the way a saw is tried in the saw shop, to cut more cleanly†. It is easy to see that good art are based on a true event that what you see and feel in your life. What could be improved and change your life attitude is a good art’s purport. From Salgado's arts, we could feel a real world that these exactly touch our heart. He had traveled to many different countries and took photographs of what he saw. His pictures are showing a real world of the darkest part which we may have never experienced before. The man in his pictures had the most genuine impression and action. A good art is going to tell people to deepen their thinking. Also, the many pictures that Salgago took in Africa showed a different and beautiful world to people. The people of the original environment and people showed a quiet and ordinary life. On the contrary, some pictures from Salgago explained a sad world. The poor people wer e suffering from the disaster. So, a good art is telling a story and let people think about the life of its subject.

Know “Joe” Essay Example for Free

Know â€Å"Joe† Essay During the 2008 General Presidential election, candidates John McCain and Barack Obama used media technology to create compelling stories that would hopefully shift public opinion in their favor, especially among undecided voters. With this essay, I will be analyzing one of the more controversial stories that had been flung to the forefront of the election with the release of John McCain’s I am Joe the Plumber advertisement (Kurtz). I will first show how the GOP campaign used the actual Joe Wurzelbacher, the Ohio plumber constantly mentioned by the Republican nominee as the average American middle-class citizen, in this advertisement as a popular symbol in order to try to convince voters that the McCain/Palin ticket identified with the concerns of the average middle-class voter. In contrast to the populist rhetoric of the ad, I argue that this strategy in the end failed due to a shallow and false claim that Senator Obama was in support of a socialist tax agenda that would raise taxes on middle-class incomes under $250,000 (Bumiller). The Joe the Plumber ad begins with an out of context clip of Mr. Obama saying â€Å"I think when you spread the wealth around its good for everybody. † This quote came from a campaign stop in Ohio and is the basis for the entire ‘Joe the Plumber’ phenomenon that changed the way the American public imagined an average citizen. Mr. Wurzelbacher asked Mr. Obama if he would raise taxes on people in his income bracket and this was the off-the-cuff response Mr. Obama gave. The moment was caught on camera and the McCain campaign and tried to paint Mr. Obama as a socialist in their never ending strategy of trying to make Mr. Obama appear like he is out of touch with the current state of politics. Immediately after the opening clip, the camera cuts to a succession of three close-up shots of middle-aged white women saying directly into the camera, â€Å"I am ‘Joe the Plumber’. † Next, a female narrator rhetorically asks, â€Å"Spread the wealth? † as the words themselves dissolve into the group of frowning people on screen. Next, a combined sentence of two men ensues asking, â€Å"I’m supposed to work harder just to pay more taxes? † Then, a skeptical man rhetorically asks, â€Å"Obama wants my sweat to pay for his trillion dollars in new spending? † followed by another woman stating, â€Å"I am Joe the Plumber. † At this point the narrator comes back and says, â€Å"Barack Obama: Higher taxes, more spending, not ready. † These words are bold and flash on-screen shown against a smirking picture of Obama. Of course, the commercial ends with a smiling picture of John McCain with his voiceover, â€Å"I am John McCain, and I approve this message. † It is interesting to note that this campaign had largely been fought through the media. According to a study by the Campaign Media Analysis Group, John McCain’s campaign spent close to $120 million on broadcasting television ads (Election). This figure is hard to believe and it forces the audience to think critically about how much importance the swaying of public opinion has played in this election. With this much campaign money being spent on image creation, it is obvious that every nuance to every advertisement is purposeful in its intention and message. With this in mind, I will describe how the ad changed the way I approached mediated politics. Initially, the ad made me identify with the claims presented, after all, who really wants to pay higher taxes in the middle of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression? The people making these statements in the commercial appear to be average enough: they aren’t shown wearing expensive clothing or fancy jewelry, they talk directly into the camera, and they avoid hyperbole and demonstrate a genuine concern about these issues. Unfortunately for the McCain campaign these claims fall by the wayside upon closer inspection and research. As it turns out, the ‘real’ Samuel Joe Wurzelbacher â€Å"owed back taxes, did not have a plumbing license (he told the Associated Press he doesnt need one because he works for someone elses company), and may not have been registered to vote. † In addition, he has since admitted that under Obama’s proposed plan, he would receive a tax break because he only makes $40,000 a year; not the $250,000 he originally claimed as a small business owner (Chipman). The ‘trillion dollars in new spending’ that the ad claimed also turned out to be based on false information. The non-partisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget calculated that Obama promised a total of $990 billion in new spending over his first four-year term but his proposed spending cuts come to around $989 billion. This means that the net actually balances out (Dobbs). With all these false claims and the millions upon millions of dollars spent, I ultimately felt annoyed and cheated by this advertisement and the overall strategy employed by the Republican ticket. If the McCain campaign was going to continue to resort to attack ads based on false information then what would lead us, the average American public that they so repeatedly claim to identify with, to believe that they would tell the truth about important issues if they would have won the election? Another problem I have, not only with this particular ad, but with the Republican advertising campaign in general is the haste with which they adopt these media symbols without doing very much background checking on them prior to using then them for their own agenda. ‘Joe the Plumber’ is the key example here, but an even more troubling example may be McCain’s choice of Sarah Palin as a running mate. Both ‘Joe’ and Mrs. Palin greatly motivated and energized the Republican side in the short term, but as time progressed and the media and public had the chance to learn more about these campaign catalyst symbols, they eventually turned out to counter-balance the initial jolt they provided. For instance, the media picked up on the story that Governor Palin spent over $150,000 dollars on her campaign wardrobe at extravagant retailers like Saks 5th Avenue (Bumiller). This image directly contradicts the ‘average hockey mom’ mythical portrait that the GOP had fought so hard to perpetuate in order to capture middle-class citizens, especially females. Repeatedly, the Republican campaign of John McCain and Sarah Palin resorted to negative attack ads based on faulty, if not completely false, premises. The ‘Joe the Plumber’ ad continued this troubling trend. In fact, it may be the iconic example that eventually turned the tide against the Republican nominee, especially after considering that the media outted the ‘real’ Samuel Joe Wurzelbacher as a fraud and liar willing to bend his story to fit an ideological narrative. Despite this advertisement’s shaded attack against Barack Obama, in my opinion it actually did more harm to the Republican ticket due to the lack of honesty and the propagandist appeals to an imaginary middle-class whose interests are being manipulated and distorted through the media in order to sway public opinion to gain voter support. Works Cited Bumiller, Elisabeth, Jeff Zeleny. â€Å"McCain and Obama Hurl Broadsides at Each Other Over Taxes and Jobs†. The New York Times. 25 Oct. 2008. http://www. nytimes. com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24campaign. html? ref=politics. Chipman, Kim, Hans Nichols. â€Å"Obama, McCain Pit Plumbers vs Hedge-Fund Managers in Tax Debate. † Bloomberg Press. 23 Oct. 2008. http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=20601087sid. Dobbs, Michael. â€Å"Obama’s ‘Trillion Dollar’ Spending Plan†. The Washington Post. 1 Oct. 2008. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/fact-checker/2008/10/obamas. â€Å"Election 2008. † The New York Times. 2 Nov. 2008. http://elections. nytimes. com/2008/president/advertising/index. html Kurtz, Howard. â€Å"McCain Ad: We Are All ‘Joe the Plumber’†. The Washington Post. 22 Oct. 2008. http://voices. washingtonpost. com/the-trail/2008/10/22/mccain.

Changing Trends in Indian Marriages

Changing Trends in Indian Marriages INTRODUCTION: Marriages are divine alliance between the two individuals and have to be maintained for the entire life. They portray a bond which unlike business should not be dissolved if any problem arises. Marriages on the other hand make it important to maintain heavenly relationships among the humans and promote peace and love. In this modern world, meaning of marriages has changed all throughout the people making more intense problems to maintain a good relationship among individuals. Even though there are some countries which still follow the traditional ways to make this heavenly bond, there are influences from the western societies and the minds of the people which cause the break-up in relationship and some problems which affect the entire society. In this essay, let us see the trends which have made some huge changes to the cultural marriages in India. The rich customs and cultural heritage in India make marriages a special occasion for the friends and relatives. The marriages in India have different varieties owing to the different religions that prevail in India. Every different religion has different wedding rituals, methods and way of celebrations. The common feature of Indian marriages is fun and excitement due to the gathering of friends and relatives. The developing India, has liked the changes that were brought to marriages from the recent past. In the olden days, there used to be many rituals and customs that take place in the marriages and the marriages were considered as a heavenly bond between the individuals and the families as whole. Traditionally, the approval by the elders of the families was considered more important than of the individuals. The trend that was prevalent among these Indian marriages is that of the dowry system. Main reasons for the plummeting trend of arranged marriages are that of the problems that are created by the dowry system which affects the entire society. This system demands material gifts from the family of brides for the exchange of the bridegrooms. This trend in this modern India has caused some deaths of the entire family or the bride because of the rising of the demands even after the marriages. Other trends which had caused some unrest in the society were that of the practice of Sati by the widow women and child marriages. According to the laws, practice of Sati is illegal in modern India but some cases have been reported. This practice of Sati resembled and was followed by the acts performed by Gods and Goddess depicted in the epic writings of Mahabharata. On the other hand, child marriages portray the suppression of choice of the individuals in the field of marriages. This was done in the early days to maintain the status of the upper caste families in marrying peoples from other castes or of religion. The existence of a society mainly depends on the customs and traditions of the people. These customs remains as a strong pillars in identifying a particular society. Without a tradition or a culture, the man will represent the primitive man from the jungle. This thought urges us to follow a tradition and culture to be respected and make a path of life for the people. The practice of arranged marriages was performed since the fourth century and it primarily was done to pass on the family tradition and culture from one generation to another. The concept of arranged marriages is liked by the majority of the people in India because the love marriages are not penetrated throughout India. The unlikeliness of love marriages is because it is considered against the Indian culture. Nowadays, both love marriages and arranged marriages are accepted in India. The Indian way of marriages is entirely different from the western way of a marriage where the main difference is the matter of choice of b ride or bridegrooms. In the western countries, the couples tend to live together before their marriage which will help them to understand each other in every aspect. But, In India, marriages are planned according to the factors of dowry, caste, age, order of birth among their siblings and the needs of the family to showcase their pride. This tradition which is followed in India causes in inequality to the communities and is also mistreating women in this modern world. About 90% of the Indian marriages are arranged and follow the old tradition of social rituals. Making the individuals in India marry within their caste system bounds them of choices for their likes and also oppresses the ability of women because of the dominant character of men. Marriages are a divine relationship between man and a woman which depends on love, trust and faith between each other. Marriages are celebrated as a festival by the both families to make the couples understand the tradition and value behind the relationship. Problems of Dowry System Treatment of women in India has been on a rise since 1920s before which the women were treated poorly and badly making the life tougher to lead. The change mainly occurred due to the modernisation and because of the laws introduced by the Indian government. Even nowadays, the countries in Middle East have restrictions for women to own land, or to come out of the houses. Even the modernisation of the life of people has not changed the aspects of the oppression of women in the world. In India, â€Å"dowry deaths†, different form of assault on women and â€Å"stove burnings† have become common in India. In India, even the family of a girl tend to show hatred owing to the financial struggle because of the dowry that the girl will bring to the family in the future. This also causes many families to choose unsuitable man for the girl who might have some problems in his health. In India, there are many factors which play an important part in requesting of dowry from the girls family. One of the factors is that of the age of the woman, which should be less if the dowry needs to be less and vice versa. Taking this into account, many families tend to marry the girls just after the girl reached 21 or 23. The gifts or the dowries that are requested from the bridegrooms perspective also depends on the boys study i.e. higher studies is equal to higher bribes(dowry). In India, dowries range from as little as $2000 to as high as $200,000 with some material gifts and jewels. If the girls family cannot stick on to the demands of the boys family, the bridegrooms family might not respect the girl and may exploit and treat her as a maid in the future or may result in dowry deaths. Dowry deaths in India are common and not taken serious by the governments or not bought in to notice. These dowry deaths may make way for the bridegroom to remarry requesting for a better dowry from the other family. The newlyweds in India are the ones who are subject to the â€Å"Dowry Dea ths†. This aspect of violence is skyrocketing due to the living costs and other rise in costs. According to an investigation, there were about 7000 deaths due to the dowry demanded from the brides family. Many deaths go un-noticed or reported due to the status of their family and because of the dominant nature of the bridegrooms family. Other common death prevalent among the Indian marriages due to the dowry systems is that of the â€Å"Stove-burnings†. These incidents occur due to the dowry issue or that of the hatred or misconduct with their wife. These are also classified as kitchen accidents but it is false in the real sense. The husbands who commit crime by killing their wife easily get away from law by bribing the police, judges and other people who serve as an evidence for that case. Most of these crimes go un-noticed in India because of the inequality for women. Taking into account the evil deeds of dowry system in India, government has proposed the dowry prohibition act in 1961 which punishes the person taking dowry for imprisonment and fine. If the demand of a particular person is proved in the court of justice, such person is subject to imprisonment for six months and a fine of $500. A Joint Family System Until the twelfth century, the Indian couples liked the principle of joint family structure and the concept was a main feature of Indian society. But, nowadays due to the urban influence, this principle started to fade out in many families. This system represents the main feature of the Indian society and had a good reputation for the society as whole. Even in many rural villages, this trend of joint family has been reduced to a great extent. The males in families are subject to leave their native to pursue higher education or for a lucrative job in the metros. The main reason that can be blamed for is that of the industrial growth in many countries which has led to this decline. Other reasons for this decline can also be stated to the increase in divorce rates and urban migration. The people who are financially sound, career oriented and who has the freedom to make their independent decision mainly contributed for this change in the joint family system. This decline in joint familie s has improved the bond between the couples in many cases and vice versa in some cases. In case of any misunderstanding between the couples have been easily solved if they were in a joint family or the situation could become worse and lead to deaths in other cases. Other important issue that arise in the Indian marriages is the age of women, where the concept of two people uniting together is side-lined. According to the marriage act of 1986, the idle age for marriages is below 18 for female and below 23 for males. This rule by the government has caused infertility and population growth in India. The population growth in the recent years has called the people of India to go in for a one-child per family policy. This is also a main cause for the gender equality prevailing in the country. Another reason for this gender gap can be pointed out to the act that made abortions legal but, illegal to sex selective abortions. The trend of Indian marriages are changing because of the immigrants who get to foreign countries for work and living. In the past, there were many cultural limitations as women getting separated from the own family system and moving to another system. This system allows the tradition of Indian marriages intact and keeps balance of the shift from immigrants in culture these days. Although there are some laws passed in the past to protect women from oppression or ill-treatment, these customs will still prevail as they are deeply rooted in the minds of people from India. Nowadays, the trend of marrying a person who is of other caste or other religion is getting common. These changes were mainly due to the social awareness and advancement of the society. These changes arose due to the approval of the love marriage decision which brings happiness to their sons or daughters life. Although, love marriages are accepted, the final result of the marriage turns out to be an arranged marriage by the approval of the elders in the family. The people of the orthodox family background still follow the tradition of marrying within the caste and religion. The love marriages which are not performed by the approval of the family members may lead to hatred of the each community and may turn in to a riot between the communities or families. Change of Surnames after marriage Another important aspect of marriages in India is that of the tradition of changing the surnames of the brides after the marriage. Even though this concept of changing the surnames portrays a male dominated India, it creates a strong feeling of love and togetherness among the couples and the family members. In Hindu mythology, it says that the unique family name brings a feeling of secure and love. It also says that the women are epitome of familys pride and respect and the replacement of the surname depicts the responsibility taken by her in sustaining and improving the familys name in the society. This change also expresses the sacrifice and obedience to the elders in the family. Its main aim is to show the status of the women and show that she belongs to that particular family. Man in the other hand secures his wife and children and leads a happy life in the society. This change helps in securing the family tradition for many generations to come. The women regain her maiden family name if she plans for a divorce from the husband which is the common system around the world. Due to the advancements in the society and the empowerment of women, this wonderful tradition is vanishing in many metros in India. This portrays the women values are on the rise and there are getting more secure in the society by being independent to make their decisions. Dissolution of marriage Divorce or dissolution of marriages has been a rare case in the Indian family history. The respect, values and public opinion have made this decision unfeasible in the past. Indian marriages are a sacred bond between the couples of two families and not just an agreement to stay together as liked by the elders in the family. Even in case of torture, pressure and stress from the husbands family or the husband himself have not caused any dissolution keeping in mind the difficulties that the woman has to face in the future. In Hindu culture, virginity of a woman is an important aspect of a marriage and guarded as a respectability of a woman. This makes it difficult for the women for a remarriage after her divorce. Owing to this entire problem a woman can face in the future, marriages nowadays are just a transfer of a female from one community to another. The sacred moments between the couples are missing and are just a relationship to share some aspects of life. Even though there is a change in shift of the culture, the Indian marriages are strong in every aspect and unlike that in western countries which are very fragile and break for silly reasons. The divorce rates are very rare in Indian society where only one in fifty couples apply for it when compared to four out of ten couples who go in for separation. The divorce rates in the urban India are on a rise owing to the advancements in the society. Government has also made the divorce and remarriage legal by law and have to apply for their separation before the court. The higher rate of divorce in the cities cannot say that the concept of life long marriages are in trouble, it only gives them the freedom to keep away from the unlike that pre vious generations accepted. The increases in rate of divorces only mean that people are ready to sacrifice their marriage for unsatisfactory relationships. The Muslim law of Sheriat says that it is legal for a Muslim to have multiple wives in India. The government has also recently approved the concept of homosexual marriages in India Conclusion Even though India is emerging in all the fields for improvement, its culture of showing inequality for women is still not changed in form of marriages. The dowry system, stove burnings, female foetus abortion ratio all state and remain as an evidence for the issue. Even though these factors are a hindrance to the emerging society, this tradition is important in every means to lead a decent life in India. The empowerment of women has given a new dimension for them to show their talents in many fields. The government has allotted 33% for the women to encourage their ability and prove that women in India are living in a modern era and not that of the times when they were not given permission to study or come out of their houses. This initiative from the government in the past has made India accept the first president after the regime of A.P.J.Abdul Kalam. Even though government has been giving many percentages for women, the tradition of arranged marriages wont change in the coming year s. The deed of arranged marriages is also related to the respect and pride got from the close family relatives and friends on regarding the marriage system. In India, almost 90% of the marriages are arranged and successful owing to these positive outcomes, people go by the traditional way of arranging the marriages. The practice of arranged marriages in India cannot be judged as a false idea because of the divorce rates in India are less than 5% of the total marriages and the society is optimistic about these outcomes.

Changing Ethos of the Department of Social Protection

Changing Ethos of the Department of Social Protection REPORT ON THE CHANGING ETHOS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION I am writing about the way the Department of Social Protection has evolved since the recession in 2009.   How their Services were delivered and the changes that have been implemented over the past few years.   The Department of Social Protection plays a part in everyones life at some stage. The aim of the Department is to provide citizens with information, financial support and other services they require in a timely customer-friendly manner.   This report will outline the evolution of the Department in the last few years and the way they have changed their working practices and also more importantly the way the unemployed are treated when first coming into contact with the Department of Social Protection. Department of Social Protection Before 2012 Passive income maintenance expenditures rose very rapidly as unemployment climbed after 2008; the response in terms of expenditure on labor market programmes inevitably lagged somewhat. The Jobs Initiative and Community Employment Schemes were changed and modified.   Jobs Initiative which is amount paid for the Job was introduced in the 1990s it was targeted towards the unemployed over 35yrears of age and unemployed for more than 5yrs.   The jobs were created in the community and participants were paid the market rate.   The Community Employment schemes were also introduced and expanded during the 90s participants would work part time hours in the community and earn additional money to supplement their Lone Parents or Disability payment.   The criteria for additional payment were that they had to be on Lone Parents or Dept. Payment.  Ã‚  Ã‚   They also provided excellent training allowance to enhance the skills and qualifications of those on the scheme.   The Scheme would last anything up to 12 months to 24 months.   These schemes re-energized underprivileged areas all over major cities in Ireland.   Some of the C.E. Schemes made a great benefit to people and they used it to gain skills and experience in order to move into the open job market. Fas the training agency concentrated on long term training rather than short term training courses.   The training courses were not geared towards up skilling for shortages in the Job Market.   There as a gap between what was needed in the labor market and what training was being provided by Fas. They failed to link in with Companies and factories on skills shortages.   To train people for specific skills shortages to fill contract positions.   A revolving door seemed to happen in the early years of the recession the unemployed were floating from one course to another.  Ã‚   A lot of our students left the country to seek employment in Europe and overseas.   Small towns in Ireland became devoid of young people.   Our educated young were leaving Ireland for a better life. The unemployed were treated badly when signing on for benefits and were made to feel small and worthless.   They were dictated to and treated like children when seeking what they were entitled. ACTION AND REMODELING OF OUR DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND TRAINING CENTRES The Government introduced a Programme a Pathway to Work and Employment Activation Policy for all areas in the community.   Community initiatives were drawn up to increase employment.   The Criteria for C.E. Schemes was changed and those on the dole were only entitled to one payment from the Department of Social Welfare.   The Job Initiative was to be phased out.   Money was to follow employment only; private training companies were to be funded if the Government agencies could not provide relevant job market training.   There was a huge shortage of trained people for the Pharmaceutical Industry; training companies began to spring up providing such training over a 12 month period.   The merger of Dept. of Social Welfare and Community Welfare Service, FAS Community and Employment Services and the redundancy and insolvency payment schemes the Department is now one of the largest public service organizations in the country.  Ã‚   The department now has close relationships w ith employers who are essential partners in getting people into employment.   The Department is developing integrated services with the introduction of Intero this model of service is to enhance the service to the customer. It is a quality service delivery across a wide range of disciplines and programmes to meet the changing needs of our customers.   As the economy is now booming and we are heading towards full employment again the Department has played a pivotal role in 2015 in supporting Irelands economic progress.   Unemployment has fallen from a crisis peak of 15.1 percent to 2012 to 8.8% at the beginning of 2016. The integrated new services are now paying huge dividends to the unemployed. Pathways to work to help the unemployed into work, training and education. The Rollout of the Intreo service meets the key objective in the Statement of Strategy 2011 to 2014 to transform the Department into an integrated, activation focused service provider which puts the customer at the center of all our operations.   In short both a safety net and a springboard.   The Department is determined to deliver a customer service that meets best international standards and maintains the public service that meets best international standards and maintains the public service values of openness, responsiveness, professionalism and good governance.   The Charter and Action Plan will be a focal point to help staff meet this challenge. The most important thing is to be responsive to the customer and the job market.   Keep abreast of the changes to industry and the skills shortage, anticipate demand for skills and retain and up skill the unemployed to meet those challenges.   A proactive organization rather than reactive.   The department will be run as an innovative and strategy orientated body who meets the needs of their customers. Customer Charter was initiated We value your opinion Treat with courtesy and respect Inform you of your rights and entitlements Plan and deliver our employer services to ensure you can support people into employment Protect your information Respect your privacy Consult with you to establish your needs when developing delivering and reviewing our services Provide redress when you have a complaint. We Value your opinion let us know what you think of our service.

Canada Health Act Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Undermining of the Canada Health Act Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past, Canada’s government-funded, universally accessible, health care system has been praised and admired both at home and abroad as one of the finest in the world. A great source of pride and comfort for many Canadians is that it is based on five fundamental principles. Principles that are a reflection of the values held by Canadian citizens since the formation of Medicare in 1966. These principles were reinforced in the Canada Health Act, (CHA), of 1984 and state that the Canadian system is universal, accessible, portable, comprehensive and non-profit. With increasing concerns of debts and deficits, Canada’s publicly funded health care system has recently become the target of fiscal attack. Efforts to reform and restructure the system have produced few results. Currently, some governments throughout the country are looking towards a more radical approach. An approach that would see not only the reform and restructuring of the method of operation of the current system, but that would change the system entirely. The proposed idea? In Alberta, it is to increase the role of the private sector in the current system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On December 29th, 1999, Nancy MacBeth leader of the Alberta liberal party was cited in the Edmonton Journal as saying: â€Å" There’s ‘ample evidence’ that the Alberta government’s plan to expand the role of private health-care will contravene the Canada Health Act.† This is the strongest argument against privatization. It reflects the fears of many Albertans and Canadians; the fear that a two-tier system similar to that of the United States will develop. The fear that the system which was built upon values reflected in five principles will be eroded and replaced and that they will be the ones left to suffer the consequences. Privatization of health care would undermine the principles of the Canada Health Act and as such would undermine the integrity of the health care system. The evolution of Health Care  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1966 one of Canada’s most prided achievements to date was introduced to the Canadian Health Care system. Medicare was a daring and innovative concept pioneered by Canadians for Canadians. It revolutionized health care. Canadians overwhelmingly supported the new system as it reflected their values and the import they placed on universality and equal access to health. ... ... accommodating the needs of a changing population, while maintaining the fundamental principles of the Canada Health Act. References Alberta Association of Registered Nurses. (1995). Position Statement on Privatization. Edmonton: Author. Armstrong, P., & Armstrong, H. (1996). Wasting Away: The Undermining of Canadian Health Care. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Armstrong & Fegan. (1998). Universal Health Care. New York: New York Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canadian Nurses Association. (1997). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Ottawa: Author. Dirnfeld, V. (1996). The benefits of privatization. Canadian Medical Association,155 (4), 407-410. Gordon, M., Mintz, J., & Chen, D. (1998). Funding Canada’s health care system: A tax based alternative to privatization. Canadian Medical Association, 159 (5), 493-496. National Advisory Council on Aging. (1997). The NACA position on the privatization of health care. Ottawa: Author. Taft, K. (1997). Shredding the Public Interest: Ralph Klein and 25 Years of One-Party Government. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press and Parkland Institute. Wilson, D. (1995). Myths and facts about paying privately for health care. AARN,51(10), 9-10.

Biography of Miguel de Cervantes :: essays research papers

Miguel de Cervantes was a famous novelist in Spain in the sixteenth century during the Renaissance. Cervantes lived in Spain during the Golden Age which helped him become a recognized writer. He was very talented, and he showed his talents through the interesting and wonderful novels he wrote. The most famous novel he wrote was called Don Quixote. Cervantes had a very exhausting and enthusiastic life, full of excitement and success. Miguel de Cervantes has great histories which lead him to write his wonderful novels and plays, and these have been very influential during the Renaissance and today’s writers. Cervantes was born on September 29, 1547 in a town near Madrid called Alcala de Henares, Spain. He was the fourth son of seven children. His father was a surgeon and his mother died when he was young. Since his father was a medical doctor his family had to travel to many towns in Spain. During his youth and adolescence he was taught by Jesuits. Not much about his education is known but when he was about twenty-one years old in 1568, he went to Madrid where Juan Lopez de Hoyos, a Jesuit, was his tutor. Cervantes did not attend to university, but he read broadly, this greatly influenced his writings. In about 1568 to 1570 he moved to Naples, Italy. In Naples, he joined the Spanish Army because he had a very big interest in the military. In 1571, he participated in the naval battle of Lepanto, located in the Gulf of Lepanto. The war was between the Spanish and the Turks, since the relationship between the Mediterranean countries and the Ottoman Empire was tense. During this battle Cervantes was wounded in his chest and on his left hand. He lost the use of his left hand and therefore, he gained the nickname of ‘‘Manco de Lepanto’’, meaning Maimed of Lepanto. Nevertheless Cervantes remained in the military although he was wounded because he was very dedicated to it. Then he fought in northern Africa and the Mediterranean lands. When Miguel de Cervantes and his brother Rodrigo Cervantes where sailing back to Spain in 1575, their ship was captured by pirates. Bradbury pirates made them prisoners and took them to Algiers as slaves. Cervantes had to remain a prisoner for five years even though he tried to escape a variety of occasions. He had to wait until his family and his religious order released him from prison having to earn money.

The Real All Americans

The Real All Americans combines the tales of two merging chapters in American history, a time when football is leaping out of the dirt, and the Western Frontier is disappearing. The book reads like a â€Å"who’s who† of history. It also introduces us to and establishes Olympian Jim Thorpe, a multi-sport player once considered the world’s greatest athlete, and legendary coach, Glenn â€Å"Pop† Warner. Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe, Indian War Chief Sitting Bull and future president Dwight D. Eisenhower also play significant roles in the book. Author Sally Jenkins weaves a history lesson together beginning with a bloody massacre in 1866 and bookends the tale with a battle on the football field in 1912, Indians versus the Army. In 1866, members of the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes lured the U. S. military into a trap. It proved a fierce and violent coup to ward off annexation of their land. Chieftain American Horse slit someone’s throat in the battle, and other natives removed scalps then gallantly rode home to brag of their victory. The Indians won the battle that day but not the war. Despite their recalcitrant stance against the expansion of the U. S. Territory, change was coming. American Horse nearly decapitated a man to display his staunch opposition against being forced into a reservation. He would later buy a suit from Saks and send nearly a dozen of his offspring to a U. S. government run boarding school. To demonstrate the transitory times the country faced, Jenkins masterfully walks us through history. By 1890, the first Transcontinental Railroad is completed. It runs through once serene land the natives called home. The tracks have dissected their frontier, carving out even smaller allotments then what the government issued to the natives. The infamous â€Å"cowboys and Indians† battles have nearly disappeared like the Western frontier. At this time, football began to take hold of the American psyche. The brutality of the sport provided a new outlet for men to showboat their masculinity. America is at a crossroads. It knows it must live amongst the natives, the people whose land the government has taken. American leaders know some of the Indians will seek to live outside of the oppressive conditions of the reservations. They question how they will live civilly with the â€Å"savages†. Fighting is no longer the answer. Assimilation becomes the solution. But it is not fully embraced by either side. Did natives have the mental capacity to â€Å"learn the way of the white man†? Indians feared losing their centuries old mores. Army officer and abolitionist Richard H. Pratt sought the government’s approval to launch the social experiment. He had what he believed to be success in absorbing and â€Å"curing† the hardest of Indian resisters when he ran a military prison in Florida. Pratt opened The Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania hoping to strike gold again. He Christianized the students and cut their hair to make them similar to the white man. While Pratt’s legacy is mixed, Jenkins makes it clear that the superintendent is fond of the students he recruited and treated them like he would his own children. Jenkins eloquently illustrates how this experiment is not without heartache and failure. For every handful of children that willingly assimilate, at least one native revolts, runs away or returns home scared and confused. Pratt thought abandoning their native tongue, denouncing violence and learning how to eat with a fork and spoon were the only ways American society would accept Indians. A student named Plenty Horse returned to his reservation with one mission, to wipe the stain of Carlisle from his character. He killed an innocent American military member to impress his tribe. Pratt would argue he had more success stories than accounts of failure, and he attributes that the football team he begrudgingly allowed on campus. The mortal combat-like sport had captivated the nation, and Carlisle men caught the fever too. Pratt repeatedly denied his men a chance to compete telling them they would face more humiliation if they signed up to take the brutal beatings Ivy League teams loved doling out. The Carlisle Indians had the weight of a race on their scrawny shoulders, Pratt said. Their losses would be exaggerated and their wins downplayed. But his boys did not care. In 1895, Pratt relented and granted the men permission to play on one condition; they had to leave the violence up to the other teams because the Indians were already perceived as savages. That condition was the driving force behind the Indians’ desires to play. They wanted a chance to prove they were not savages or mentally inferior to their Ivy League counterparts. Within a year of playing the Indians embarked on an unprecedented feat, they played Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Penn consecutively. At that time in history, that would be considered a mortally dangerous schedule. Football did not have the regulations that govern it today. In 1905, the football field saw 146 deaths. Huge wedges of men would run at each other, pick up running backs and throw them, and break legs, noses and necks. The physical prowess of the other teams did not frighten Carlisle. The opposing teams grinned every time they kicked an Indian; the Indians were only allowed to grin when they got kicked. The Carlisle Indians put up a valiant effort against the big four but lost all of the games, however that is attributed to several blatantly bad calls. The team almost upset Yale, but a referee called back what would have been the winning touchdown. It was so bad, the next day the White press wrote, â€Å"Carlisle proved it could beat 11 young Yale men, but not 11 young Yale men and a referee†. While the rag-tag team of players enjoyed several glowing reviews over the decades, the Carlisle men felt like they were denied proper credit. A large portion of the press would attribute their victories to their White Yale coaches. Their losses, on the other hand were the inevitable evidence of their â€Å"Indian character flaws†. Despite the humiliating obstacles the team faced, the Indians progressively got better, thanks in part to the hiring of Glenn â€Å"Pop† Warner, a real gamesman. He had a taste for gambling but an even larger appetite for experimental plays and encountered equal minds when he coached the Indians. They too wanted to play the game their own way and outwit their opponents. They changed the game when they started running around teams instead of through them, a sight no one and witnessed at that time. Carlisle started the first trick plays, hiding the ball, and they dominated the field when the forward pass was made legal. No one could stop Jim Thorpe, except Jim Thorpe. Warner said his carelessness and laziness led to losses in games the team had nearly sealed up as victories. Thorpe briefly left the school to pursue his love of baseball, which would later lead to him being stripped of the gold medals he won at the Stockholm Olympics. Warner convinced his star to return to school for one final battle, the 1912 game against the U. S. Army, a team that had nine future generals on its roster. A young Dwight D. Eisenhower was in the backfield. In the locker room, Warner reminded his team of â€Å"Wounded Knee† and all of the other atrocities committed against their tribes. This was their time for revenge he harped. They could wage war on the football field instead of the battlefield. Of course the cadets were favored to win. Rooting against them would be â€Å"Un-American†. Army had caught up to the Ivy League teams, and was in the midst of a four-year stretch in which they built a record of 28-5-1. The game had national implications for both teams. Army had lost only once that season, to Yale (6-0). A win over Carlisle would catapult Army to a number one ranking. The emotional and practical stakes were obvious for the Indians. The game represented their continual fight for respect. They were clearly the best offense in the country, but commentators continued to mark them with an asterisk as if they were less than a real college team. The Indians were ready for war. They graced the field with sleek formations. Several fast forward passes combined with trick plays tomahawked the Army. Final score, 26-7. They did not just change football; they slowly changed the misconceptions of Indians. They stood up to humiliation and mockery with grace and dignity. They took beat downs and grinned, leaving spectators to question just who the â€Å"savages† really were. They claimed many victories over Ivy League schools stocked with players who descended from men who stole the Carlisle Indians’ Land. They proved they were the Real All Americans. But their celebration would be short-lived. The team nearly imploded after the win, and Warner found himself coaching a team that no longer respected him. Thorpe had been outed as a â€Å"professional† because he played baseball for money, and he lost his gold medals. Warner knew all along what Thorpe had done, but he acted as if he had no clue. That enraged the Carlisle team, and members wrote Congress and also divulged details of Warner paying his athletes. Warner was later asked to resign. Outside forces also erased Carlisle’s place in the history books as well. America was undergoing yet another transformation. The public now believed it was wrong to have taken natives from their homes to place them in far-away boarding schools. It was time to end the â€Å"experiment†. The little support Carlisle had left had faded. Pratt was long gone. Weaker leaders replaced him and none had a desire and commitment to the natives like Pratt. By 1918, The Carlisle Indian School had closed.

Christian Motif in Dracula

Even though the novel portrays Anta-Charlatans values and beliefs, Abram Stoker as able to use different methods in his novel to show how the Catholic beliefs were useful as a protection towards evil, and to be able to compare the powers between good and evil. Throughout the novel, the reader can plainly notice some of the characters' transformation from being part of the English Church to a Catholic one. One of the clearest examples is Jonathan Harder, the English Churchman.When he first received the rosary and crucifix from the lady, he had mixed feelings since his church saw those objects as idolatrous. However, the character develops an â€Å"obvious social and religious tolerance† (Stars, D. Bruno) towards the Catholic Church. As Harder returns to Transylvania, he's the opposite as he first left – instead of being alone, unsure and Protestant, he is now In a group, experienced, and quasi- Catholic. † (Stars, D. Bruno) There are many Instances throughout the n ovel where Abram Stoker makes an allegory to the Bible.The supernatural being Drachma represents the concept of Satan since his descriptions are resoundingly satanic: hen enraged his eyes light like â€Å"the flames of hell-fire blazed behind them† (Stoker, Abram) and he flashes a â€Å"smile that Judas in hell might be proud of† (Stoker, Abram) One direct allegory to the Bible's Book of Revelation's four houses of the apocalypse was when Drachma appeared in a â€Å"cal ©chew, with four horses† (Stoker, Abram). Also the use of capitalization of personal pronouns in reference to Drachma, which is generally reserved to God, means that Drachma is presented on a par with God.This continuous SE of Catholic allegory helps clarify the purpose of Broker's usage of Catholicism as a motif. The fight between good and evil also help portray the purpose of Stoker's use of Catholicism. In order for Seward, Mina, Harder, Morris, and Helping to defeat Drachma they had to work together with both technology and their own faith. The character would often find themselves asking for God's help and saying the phase â€Å"God's will be done. † With the increase in their Catholic faith, the characters were bled to believe in their religious tools and defeat Drachma.With faith and hope on Catholicism, they were able to achieve their goal. The use of Catholicism as a motif evidently supports the idea of Drachma being a pro-Catholic propaganda. Stoker was able to fulfill his purpose by spreading his ideals and beliefs of the Catholic Church. Stoker was able to depict Protestants and Catholics peacefully working together, however he did not include the Protestant faith to the destruction of Drachma (Stars, D. Bruno).

Emma and Clueless- Text and Context

Ideas about the human condition can transcend time and expressed through different contexts while reflecting society’s changing values. Emma, written by Jane Austen reaffirms and challenges the conservative society of 19th century England, where moral growth is a result of strict social etiquettes and rigid class structure. However, Heckerling has taken similar ideas that speak powerfully about human nature to the different context of 20th century America, within the world of Clueless where a much fluid social structure is orientated around popularity and superficial materialism.While both texts are able to mirror the values and beliefs of its time, they convey similar ideas which are universal and relate to any context. The importance of personal growth is an element of humanity which transcends time, and can resonate through any context. Emma lacks life’s experiences, with â€Å"little to vex her† whilst doing â€Å"just what she liked†. Her flawed and s poiled character is overshadowed by her â€Å"mutual attachment† to her â€Å"mild† tempered governess further exemplified through the authorial intrusion that she â€Å"had rather too much her own way†.In contrast, Mr Knightley treats others with respect despite their social standing, acting as a moral voice in the novel when he says that Miss Bates deserves â€Å"compassion†, not â€Å"ridicule† when Emma insulted her as being â€Å"dull† at the Box Hill picnic. He scolds Emma that â€Å"it was badly done! † acting as compass to the realisation of her wrongs and â€Å"cruel† behaviour which â€Å"exposed herself to ill opinion†, indicating the strict social etiquettes of her time.Finally, â€Å"she acknowledged the whole truth† which metaphorically â€Å"darted through her, with the speed of an arrow† that she was in love, consequently leading to her realisation that she had been â€Å"inconsiderate†, â€Å"indelicate†, and â€Å"irrational† towards others, and how with â€Å"insufferable vanity she had believed herself in the secret of every body’s feelings†. This marks a major turning point in Emma’s moral growth, which is later rewarded through marriage.Heckerling’s Clueless explores similar ideas of growth while reflecting the different context of modern America, where self realisations are consequences of personal dissatisfaction within the superficial society. Cher’s initial voiceover that she has a â€Å"way normal life†, ironically contrasts the images of her picking out clothes on the computer. Her preference of cartoon over news suggests her naivety whilst shallow indulging within her narrow world of superior wealth and popularity.To Cher’s own amusement she concludes that â€Å"(Tai’s) life will be better because of me†, leading to the â€Å"makeover†. This mirrors the personality o f Emma, who also ignorantly takes matters into her own hands. However, while Emma simply failed to match make, Cher finds her own position and power being challenged when Tai becomes â€Å"the most popular girl in the school†, which Cher hyperbolically describes as â€Å"an alternate universe†. Cher questions in disbelief â€Å"I failed something I couldn’t talk my way out of? when her arrogance and confident character is challenged by reality, resulting in her self realisation, that all her friends were â€Å"really good in different ways†, signifying the overcoming of her self-centeredness, further highlighted in her willingness to help others. Her change in attitude is rewarded by a greater appreciation of life and the people around her, including Josh, whom she loves. Unlike Emma’s self transformation, Cher’s realisation due to trivial events translates to a much shallow world in the 20th century where there is a lack of strict social e tiquette.Austen reaffirms the rigid social classes which often defined one’s social standing, while satirising the pretensions of the gentility. Austen lists properties such as â€Å"handsome†, â€Å"rich† and â€Å"clever†, emphasizing Emma’s position as an aristocracy in contrast to Mr Martin is a â€Å"gross, vulgar farmer†, and therefore â€Å"remarkably plain† due to his lower social standing. Emma pretentiously refers to herself as a â€Å"fanciful, troublesome creature†, with the vain intent of receiving flattery from others, exposing Austen’s satirical purpose.Mr Elton’s disgusted tone as he declares he will â€Å"never think seriously of Miss Smith† because â€Å"everyone has their level†, In addition to his refusal to dance with Harriet highlights the rigidity within social classes. Qualities of Emma are constantly juxtaposed to Harriet, who is the natural daughter of somebody†, a eup hemistic portrayal of Harriet’s lack of status and worth due to her unknown family background. The reference of Mr Westin as having been â€Å"born† into a â€Å"respectable family† illustrates importance of inherited wealth.Despite Emma’s influence over Harriet to marry higher, she ultimately marries appropriately to Mr Martin. Therefore the lack of mobility and strict rules which govern the differences between each class is not challenged by Austen. Emma’s world reflects a clear class structure that is extremely rigid. While the idea of social class within Emma is defined as strict and rigid, the casual contemporary American society based on material wealth and popularity is reflected in Clueless.An opening montage together with the popular culture background music â€Å"kids in America† depicts the freedom and fast paced lifestyle of teenagers, whose interactions imply general acceptance of all types of people. The medium shot featuring C her’s â€Å"classic† vintage house undermines the superficial and materialistic foundation of the social structure. Furthermore the stereotypical division of social groups such as â€Å"Loadies†, â€Å"Popular boys† and â€Å"Persian mafia† based on popularity and material goods such as â€Å"BMW† again illustrates the value of materialistic goods.Unlike Emma where individuals of one social class were mostly encouraged to interact while disregarding other social classes, the social structure presented in contemporary society allows for fluidity and cultural diversity. While orphans such as Jane Fairfax and illegitimate children like Harriet were not highly regarded, Christian, a â€Å"cake boy† has no trouble blending into the microcosm of high school society and its social cliches.In addition to this, Tai, who climbs up the social ladder, highlights the highly fluid social structure. Therefore, Heckerling’s popular cultured fi lm and Emma both explore an idea of social class, yet boundaries between different social classes depend on values of the time and context. While ideas about the human condition are similar and relevant to any society, their expression is greatly influenced by beliefs and values of its context.Austen’s Emma features a society with strict social etiquettes, from which Emma learns and morally matures. Heckerling takes the idea of self growth and interprets it through a different context, where the lives of teenagers are rather shallow and revolve around trivial things. While the 19th century English society of Emma is governed by social classes which are distinct and rigid, Clueless features the fluid society classed by popularity and materialistic wealth. Overall both texts clearly reflect the context of its time.

Term Paper on Idlc

Term paper on Functions oF credit risk management in non Banking Financial institutions (nBFi) in Bangladesh A study on IDLC Finance Limited Submitted to: Submitted By: Date of Submission: Letter of Transmittal_______________________ 23rd December 2013 Sh University Subject: Submission of term paper of BBA Programme Dear Madam, It is my great pleasure to submit the term paper on â€Å"Functions of Credit Risk management in Non Banking Financial Institutions (NBFI) in Bangladesh, A study on IDLC Finance Ltd † which is a part of BBA Programme to you for your consideration.I made sincere efforts to study related materials, documents, observe operations performed in IDLC Finance Limited and examine relevant records for preparation of the report. Within the time limit, I have tried my best to compile the pertinent information as comprehensively as possible and if you need any further information, I will be glad to assist you. Your most obident pupil, Acknowledgement _______________ _____________At first I would like to thank my honorable internship supervisor from BRAC Business School (BBS), BRAC University, SharminShabnam Rahman for providing me such an opportunity to prepare an Internship Report on â€Å"Functions of Credit Risk management in Non Banking Financial Institutions (NBFI) in Bangladesh, A study on IDLC Finance Ltd â€Å". Without her helpful guidance, the completion of this project was unthinkable. I would like to place my gratitude to the HR of IDLC Finance Limited to enable me to complete my internship in their esteemed organization. Very special thanks goes to Mr.M. Jamal Uddin, Deputy General Manager & Head of Corporate and Structured Finance Division, IDLC Finance Limited & Mr. AlamIftekhar Chowdhury, Manager Corporate Division, IDLC Finance Limited, for helping me in all phase of the internship process. Their overwhelming support for my internship gave me the inspiration to do a better report. During my preparation of the project work I h ave come to very supportive touch of different individuals (respondents from IDLC Finance Limited) & friends who lend their ideas, time & caring guidance to amplify the report’s contents.I want to convey my heartiest gratitude to them for their valuable responses. Executive Summary_______________________ The non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) constitute a rapidly growing segment of the financial system in Bangladesh. The NBFIs have been contributing toward increasing both the quality and quantity of financial services and thus mitigating the lapses of existing financial intermediation to meet the growing needs of different types of investment in the country. Today all NBFIs are playing a vital role for the growth of the nation’s economy with the best of their ability.During the world recession period NBFIs in Bangladesh act in a stringent manner so that their financial systems as well as the economy do not collapse. 29 NBFIs are now contributing to the growth of n ational economy. IDLC Finance Ltd as a leading and pioneer NBFI started their operation in 1986 and still they are dominating the NBFI sector as well as contributing to the prosper of economic development. Their success in this industry has inspired others to invest their capital in a profitable way.As major business of all NBFIs are providing lease facilities to the business along with various types of loan to individual and organizations therefore risk is associated with each and every product they are offering. To minimize this risk every institution has its own risk management policies. A number of actions are taken so that risk associated to their investment can be minimized. This report is emphasizes credit risk management in NBFIs in Bangladesh. In this regard IDLC Finance Limited has been taken as the sample organization, its, services, rules and regulation, corporate governance is also taken into consideration.Table of Contents_____________________________ Letter of Transmi ttal Acknowledgement Executive Summary 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Introduction | | | | | 01 | 1. 2 Origin of the Report | | | | | 02 | 1. 3 Objectives of the Report | | | | | 02 | 1. 4 Methodology | | | | | 03 | 1. 5 Limitations | | | | | 04 | 1. 6 Structure of the Report 2. 0 The Company | | | | | 04 2. 1 IDLC Finance limited | | | | | 06 | 2. 2 Shareholding Structure | | | | | 07-08 | 2. 3 Company chronicle | | | | | 09-10 | 2. 4 Guidance principle | | | | | 11-12 | 2. 5 Organogram | | | | | 13-14 | 2. 6 Products & Service | | | | | 14-19 | 2. 7 Divisions & Department | | | | | 20 | 2. 8 SWOT analysis | | | | | 21-23 | 2. 9 Performance of IDLC Finance Ltd | | | | | 24-25 | 2. 9. 1 CAMEL Rating 3. 0 Credit Risk Management | | | | | 25 | 3. 1 What is Risk? | | | | 27 | 3. Credit Risk | | | | 27-28 | 3. 3 Credit Risk Management Process | | | | 29-38 | 3. 3. 1 Credit Processing/Appraisal | | | | 29-31 | 3. 3. 2 Credit Approval /Sanction | | | | 32 | 3. 3. 3 Credit Documentation | | | | 3 2 | 3. 3. 4 Credit Administration | | | | 33 | 3. 3. 5 Disbursement | | 34 | 3. 3. 6 Monitoring & Control of Individual Credit | | 34-35 | 3. 3. 7 Maintaining the overall Credit Portfolio | | 35 | 3. 3. 8 Classification of Credit | | 36-37 | 3. 3. 9 Managing Problem Credits/Recovery | | 38 | 4. 0 Findings and Analysis— Credit Risk Management by IDLC Finance Ltd. 4. Procedural Work Flow of Lease Marketing 41-44 4. 2 Factors Scrutinized during Appraisal Procedure 45-46 4. 3 Weight assigned to each Risk Factor 47-48 4. 4 Measures Taken for restoration of Default Client 49 4. 5 Functions of Special Asset Management (SAM) 49- 4. 5. 1 Recovery Action Plan by SAM | 50-52 | 4. 5. 1. 1 Regular Accounts | | | 50-51 | 4. 5. 1. 2 Special Accounts | | | 51-52 | 4. 6 Impact of Overdue on Profit Performance of NBFI | | | 52 | 4. 6. 1 Provisioning Policy of Bangladesh Bank | | | 53 | 4. 6. 2 Provisioning Policy of IDLC Finance Ltd. | | 54 | 4. 7 Trend in Provisioning Volume | | | 54 | 4. 8 D efault Client Characteristics Analysis | | | | 55- | 4. 8. 1 Industry Analysis | | | | 57-59 | 4. 8. 2 Cost of projects to sales volume | | | | 60 | 4. 8. 3 Asset size of the Borrower | | | | 61 | 4. 8. 4 Debt/Equity ratio | | | | 62 | 4. 8. 5 Interest rate charge | | | | 63 | 4. 8. 6 Sponsors Business Experience | | | | 64 | 4. 8. 7 Security Ratio | | | | 65 | 4. 8. 8 Relationship with the Client | | | | 66 | 4. 8. 9 Sponsor’s Past Performance 5. 0 Recommendation & Conclusion | | | | 66-68 | 5. 1 Recommendation | | | | 70 | 5. Conclusion | | | | 71 | 1. 1INTRODUCTION The development of financial market has been receiving heightened attention from the policy-makers in recent years. One explanation lies in the fundamental shift of development strategy reflected in the nearly universal embrace of the private sector as an engine of economic growth. The governments in both developed and developing countries, the international financial institutions which exert tremendous influenc e on the policy-making apparatus of developing countries and, to a great extent, the intelligentsia have all joined together as ardent advocates of private entrepreneurship.IDLC Finance Ltd, a leading financial institution of the country achieved significant growth in all areas of business up to 3rd quarter of the year 2009. IDLC began its operation in 1985 as the first leasing company in Bangladesh. In 1995, IDLC was licensed as a Financial Institution by the country's central bank and during the last two decades, the company has grown in tandem with the country's growing economy. The company's wide array of products and services range from retail products, such as home and ar loans, corporate and SME products including lease and term loans, structured finance services ranging from syndications to capital restructuring and capital market services. The company also strengthened its presence in the country's growing stock market with launching a subsidiary-IDLC Securities Limited-whi ch is offering full-fledged brokerage service for retail and institutional clients. . 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT The main objective of the study is to get a definite idea about how CRM plays a vital role in managing the risk associated with each and every product and services of IDLC Finance Limited.Furthermore, the orientation is very useful to detect whether the theoretical knowledge matches with real life scenario or not. Though the title â€Å"Functions of Credit Risk management in Non Banking Financial Institutions (NBFI) in Bangladesh, A study on IDLC Finance Ltd† very lengthy area, the specific objectives are as follows: 1. To know the necessity of Credit Risk Management. 2. To learn about the whole CRM procedure. 3. To know the decision making process of CRM. 4. To know the functions of Special Asset Management part of CRM 5.To know about the probable modification can be done in the whole CRM process 6. 1. 4 METHODOLOGY OF THE STU Analysis has been made on the basi s of the objectives mentioned before in the context of â€Å"Functions of Credit Risk management in Non Banking Financial Institutions (NBFI) in Bangladesh, A study on IDLC Finance Ltd† The paper will be written on the basis of information collected from primary and secondary sources. (i) Primary Data; Discussion with the respective organization's officials. (ii) For the completion of the present study, secondary data has been collected.The main sources of secondary data are: * Annual Report of IDLC Finance Limited. ? Website of IDLC Finance Limited. * Data from published reports of SEC, DSE * Different Books, Journals, Periodicals, News Papers etc. To make a report various aspects and experiences are needed. But I have faced some barriers for making a complete and perfect report. These barriers or limitations, which hinder my work, are as follows: * Difficulty in accessing data of its internal operations. * Non-Availability of some preceding and latest data. * Some informati on was withheld to retain the confidentiality of the organization.I was placed for only around 3 months of time ; working like a regular employee hindered the opportunity to put the effort for the study. The time span was not sufficient enough to learn all the activities of the organization properly. Therefore, it was very difficult to carry out the whole analysis. 1. 6 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT The report has two main parts: Part One: This is basically introductory part, the objective and scope of the study, limitations, and research methodology has been highlighted. Brief Introduction of IDLC Finance Limited, its product and service, organizational structure, performance, etc are presented.Part Two: Products of NBFIs for which Credit Risk Management has become a key operational tool, how it performs its overall risk analysis and on the basis of the analysis identification of the ways of reducing the risk, thus maintains the core interest of the business. This part also contains the conclusion, reference ; appendix of the report. 2. 0 The Company 2. 1 ILDC FINANCE LIMITED IDLC Finance Ltd commenced its journey, in 1985, as the first leasing company of the country with multinational collaboration and the lead sponsorship of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of The World Bank Group.Technical assistance was provided by Korean Development Leasing Corporation (KDLC), the largest leasing company of the Republic of South Korea. The unique institutional shareholding structure comprising mostly of financial institutions helps the company to constantly develop through sharing of experience and professional approach at the highest policy making level. IDLC offers a diverse array of financial services and solutions to institutional and individual clients to meet their diverse and unique requirements.The product offerings include Lease Finance, Term Finance, Real Estate Finance, Short Term Finance, Corporate Finance, Merchant Banking, Term Deposit Schemes, Debentu res and Corporate Advisory Services. The company has authorized capital of Taka 1,000,000,000 (10,000,000 shares of Taka 100 each) and paid up capital of Taka 250,000,000 (2,500,000 ordinary shares of Taka 100 each). IDLC has also established two wholly owned subsidiaries, IDLC Securities Limited and I, Cons Limited to provide customers with security brokerage solutions and IT solutions, respectively. 2. SHAREHOLDING STRUCTURE IDLC was incorporated in the year 1985 as a joint venture public limited company among five foreign and three local financial institutions. Now there are no foreign investors the present Shareholding Structure of IDLC Finance Ltd is given bellow: SL. NO. | NAME OF SHAREHOLDERS | % | | Sponsors/Directors:| | 1 | The City Bank Ltd. | 29. 70 | 2 | SadharanBima Corporation | 7. 62 | 3 | IPDC of Bangladesh Ltd. | 0. 0002 | | Sub-Total | 37. 33 | | GENERAL| | 4 | Institutions : | | | Mercantile Bank Ltd. 7. 50 | | Reliance Insurance Co. Ltd. | 7. 00 | | Eskayef Bang ladesh Ltd. | 8. 00 | | BD Lamps | 1. 32 | | Transcraft Ltd. | 4. 01 | | Eastern Bank Limited | 6. 00 | | Phonix Finance | 1. 00 | | PartexBaverage| 0. 86 | | Marina Apparels | 1. 00 | | ICB | 2. 32 | | Dhaka Stock Exchange Ltd. | 0. 95 | | One Bank Ltd. | 0. 5 | | Star Particle Board | 0. 60 | | Bangladesh Finance ; Invest. | 0. 88 | | Other institutions | 6. 92 | | Sub total | 49. 21 | 5 | Individuals : | | | General Public(Individuals) | 13. 45 | | Mr. A. K. M. Shaheed Reza, Director nominated by | | | Mercantile Bank Ltd. | 0. 017 | | Sub total | 13. 47 | | Total Holdings | 100. 00 | 2. 3 COMPANY CHRONICLE May 23,1985 | Incorporation of the Company | February 22,1986 | Commencement of leasing business |October 1, 1990 | Establishment of branch in Chittagong, the main port city | March 20,1993 | Listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange | February 7, 1995 | Licensed as a Non- Banking Financial Institutions under the Financial Institutions Act, 1993 | November 25, 1996 | Listed on the Chitta gong Stock Exchange | May 27, 1997 | Commencement of Home Finance and Short Term Finance Operations | January 22, 1998 | Licensed as a Merchant Banker by the Securities and Exchange Commission | January 15, 1999 | Commencement of Corporate Finance and Merchant Banking Operation | January 29, 2004 | Opening of Gulshan Branch |November 22, 2004 | Launching of Investment Management Services â€Å"Cap Invest† | February 7, 2005 | Issuance of Securitized Zero Coupon Bonds by IDLC Securitization Trust 2005 | September 18, 2005 | Launching of Local Enterprise Investment Centre(LEIC), a centre established for the development of SMEs with the contribution of the | | Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) of the Government of Canada | January 2, 2006 | Opening of SME focused branch at Bogra| April 6, 2006 | Opening of Branch at Uttara|May18, 2006 | Opening Merchant Banking branch in the port city if Chittagong | July 1, 2006 | Relocation of Company’s Registered and Cor porate Head Office at own premises at 57, Gulshan Avenue | September 18, 2006 | Commencement of operation of IDLC Securities Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of IDLC | March 14, 2007 | Launching of Discretionary Portfolio Management Services â€Å"Managed Cap Invest† | August 5, 2007 | Company name changed to IDLC Finance Limited, from Industrial Development Leasing Company of Bangladesh Limited | December 3, 2007 | IDLC Securities Limited Chittagong Branch commenced operation | December 18, 2007 | IDLC Securities Limited DOHS Dhaka Branch opened. | January 6, 2009 | IDLC Finance Limited and IDLC Securities Limited open Sylhet branches | August 09, 2009 | Opening of IDLC Securities Limited, Gulshan Branch | August 26, 2009 | Opening of Gazipur SME Booth | September 09, 2009 | Opening of Imamgonj SME Booth | December 2009 | Opening of Narayangonj Branch | December 2009 | Opening of Savar Branch | 2. 4 GUIDING PRINCIPLESIDLC is a multi-product financial institution offering a n array of diverse financial services and solutions to institutional and individual clients to meet their diverse and unique requirements. Following are the guiding principles that shape the organizational practice of IDLC Customer first: IDLC has grown with its customers, who are believed to be the center of all actions. As the crux of IDLC’s corporate philosophy, customer service gets the highest priority. Innovation: IDLC has continuously introduced new financial products for meeting the needs of the entrepreneurs in a complex ; challenging business environment. The concept of innovation is in-built into the working culture.Professional Knowledge: IDLC is staffed with qualified professionals and innovative minds in the country. Years of operational experience, large industrial database and competent workforce have gives them unparalleled advantages. Professional ethics: The professional at IDLC maintain the highest degree of financial and business ethics in all transaction s with the clients. Over the last two decades, IDLC have put in bets efforts to meet the expectations of the clients and investors. One stop solution: Work at IDLC begins with the idea generation, and then goes on into the feasibility study followed by arrangement of financing to implement the project.IDLC advises the clients, finance them and even arrange financing for them via different financing modes, namely: lease financing, term loan, bridge loan, syndication, bridge loan, syndication, ordinary shares, preferred shares and debentures. Vision: Become the best performing and most innovative financial solutions provider in the country Mission: Create maximum possible value of all the stakeholders by adhering to the highest ethical standards For the Company: Relentless pursuit of customer satisfaction through delivery of top quality services For the Shareholders: Maximize shareholders’ wealth through a sustained return on the investment. For the employees: Provide job satis faction by making IDLC a center of excellence with opportunity of career development.For the society: Contribute to the well-being of the society, in general, by acting as a responsible corporate citizen. Goal: Long term maximization of Stakeholders’ value Corporate Philosophy: Discharge the functions with proper accountability for all actions and results and bind to the highest ethical standards 2. 5 ORGANOGRAM THE APEX OF THE ORGANIZATION IS THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, WITH THE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE AND MANAGING DIRECTOR IN THE FOLLOWING TIERS. THE BOARD CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING DIRECTORS: * Chairman from Reliance Insurance Ltd * Five Directors nominated by The City Bank Limited * One from SadharanBima Corporation (SBC) * One from Transcom Group One From Mercantile Bank Limited * One Independent Director from Monowar Associates ACTIVITIES OF THE BO ARD The Board appoints the Executive Committee (EC), which takes day-to-day decisions on behalf of the company. Every credit propos al has to be approved by the EC for sanction and disbursement. EC is also authorized to observe and review other major day-to-day operational functions including corporate plans, budgets and borrowing activities. The composition of the EC is as follows: a) Four Directors b) Managing Director / Chief Executive Officer and The Company Secretary shall be the Secretary of the Committee ACTIVITIES OF THE MA NAGING DIRECTORThe Managing Director (MD), appointed by Board, manages the overall organizational activities and also plays the role of the figurehead. ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR The DMD establishes the company’s policies and reviews the operational performance of the company including approval of large credit proposals, major fund procurements, budget and planning and diversification decisions. Diagram: Organ gram of IDLC Finance Limited 2. 6 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES To ensure steady and long term growth as well as to sharpen its competitive edge in a changing and challenging business environment, IDLC always endeavors to diversify into other financial services which have long term prospects.In 1997, it expanded its range of services by introducing Housing Finance and Short Term Finance, which have broadened its customer base and have contributed significantly to IDLC’s growth and profitability. In early 1999, after getting license of Merchant Banking from Securities and Exchange Commission, IDLC started its operation of underwriting, issue management, corporate financing and other investment banking related services. The products and services are as follows 1. LEASING Assets are leased to clients on predetermined rental basis for a fixed term with a purchase option at the end. 2. TERM LOAN The customers are offered loan facilities for a determined term at a negotiated rate. 3. EQUITY FINANCINGIDLC invests money into equity of both publicly traded and non-traded companies for dividends and capital gain. 4. INTER CORPORATE DEPO SIT ( I CD ) This disbursement scheme is offered to clients under two variations: a) Non- Revolving ICD which consists of single disbursement of funds b) Revolving ICD where multiple disbursements and collections take place 5. WORK ORDER/ PURCHASE ORDER FINANCING The clients are financed against their work order or purchase order on a revolving basis. 6. FACTORING Under this scheme, IDLC finances receivables of supply of goods or delivery of services on credit to help the clients realize the maximum portion of their payment soon after they have made the delivery to the buyer.The payment is collected from the customers and the balanced amount is re-reimbursed to the clients. 7. SYNDICATION IDLC helps to raise fund for clients with huge financial requirement through syndication and also help them with the documentation, execution and administration of the syndicated finance. 8. SECURITIZATION IDLC sell financial instruments of organizations in local financial market backed by their asset/cash flows such as loan, lease etc. 9. BRIDGE FINANCE: This refers to short-term finance (maturity of not more than 12 months) in anticipation of immediate long term financing such as public issue, private placement, syndication, loan, lease, debenture, etc. 10. CAP INVESTIDLC maintains a non-discretionary portfolio account for clients where they have absolute power to make investment decisions. the portfolio manager provides margin loan to clients and also prepares the list of securities in which they can invest. 11. DEPOSIT SCHEMES IDLC offer different variety of deposit schemes for clients. * Cumulative Term Deposit * Annual Profit Term Deposit * Monthly Earner Deposit * Double Money Deposit 12. CAR LOAN Term loan are offered to clients for acquiring car, brand new or reconditioned, for their personal use and the ownership is transferred on loan repayment. 13. HOME LOAN IDLC offers loans to purchase apartment to individuals for their personal use 14. REAL ESTATE FINANCEIDLC finances clients to construct house, renovate and extend house, for office chamber/space for professionals etc. under two different schemes: * Developer’s Finance Scheme oCorporate Finance Scheme 15. PRIVATE PLA CEMENT IDLC places the shares/debenture with both domestic and overseas investors (institutions or individuals) on private placement basis. 16. UNDERWRITING IDLC makes a univocal and irrevocable commitment with an issuing company to subscribe to the securities of that company when the existing shareholders or the general public do not subscribe to the securities offered to them. The different types of underwriting offered are: * Initial Public offering (IPO) of common stock, preferred stock, debentures etc. Right Issue oUnderwriting of public securities-loan, lease, debenture 17. ISSUE MANAGEMENT Under this activity, IDLC plan, coordinate and control the entire issue activity of clients and direct other agencies for successful marketing of securities. 18. FINANCIAL A DVISORY S ERVICE IDLC help the existing venture or a new venture by providing various advisory services such as corporate counseling, project counseling, capital restructuring, financial engineering etc. 19. MERGERS AND ACQUISIT IO IDLC help clients to search for the right organization, evaluate the concern based on different types of analysis and select the method of m ;a to make it a profitable deal. 20. TRUSTEESHIP MANAGEME NTWe act as trustee for the debenture holders by accepting security created by the company and take action to safeguard their interest and enforce their rights. Table: Product ; Services offered by IDLC Finance Limited 2. 7 DIVISIONS AND DEPARTMENTS The organization includes divisions which mainly deal with the products and services and departments which support in the operating activities. The divisions are the * Corporate * SME * Merchant Banking * Personal Investment * Factoring * Structured Finance * Operations The departments include * Credit Risk Management (CRM) * Treasury * Human Resource * Accounts and Taxation * Administration and PR Operational Risk Management (ORM)/Internal Control Compliance(ICC) * Special Asset Management(SAM) 2. 8 SWOT ANALYSIS The SWOT analysis for IDLC can be described as follows: Strengths 1. Reputation and brand image: IDLC is well-reputed company and has developed a brand image that is recognized by the customers. IDLC is an international joint-venture company and its shareholders have long records of sustainability and reliability in their respective fields. IDLC is one of the esteemed names in financial market of Bangladesh. Since 1985, IDLC has marked its journey through introduction of various innovative products and thus meeting the needs of large corporate clients. 2 .Product portfolio: IDLC has diverse product portfolio for customers which made them second to none in Non-Banking Financial Industry. 3. Quality Customer Portfolio: IDLC has a Credit Risk Management department of Multinational standard which enables the company to maintain a quality customer portfolio. 4. Human Resources: The Company has competent management team. The over all work force of the company is considered as key resources for the organization. IDLC personnel are motivated, competent, energetic and creative. The company provides utmost support in terms of both technical and moral. 5. Operational efficiency: IDLC provides customized solution to their customers to adjust their need.The company processes the loan applications quickly and smoothly. The sanction and disbursement of the loans are hassle-free. 6. Employee Empowerment: At IDLC decision-making is free flowing and transparent. Every appraiser is given ample opportunity to exercise his/her creativity in accommodating a customer. Approvers are open for any discussion and sanction is largely based upon recommendation of the appraisers. The open and free flow of communication ensures clarification of any queries in no time–from any level of hierarch y. Reasonable suggestions are not only welcome but are highly appreciated. Effective suggestions by the employees are immediately set for action.This flexibility has helped IDLC a lot in shaping up its operations into a level of efficiency and to be an excellent performer in case of loan recovery. Weaknesses 1. High Cost of fund: IDLC as any other NBFIs have high cost of fund in comparison to banks. As NBFIs can take deposit for less than one year from any individuals as banks can do, the deposit base of IDLC is not strong enough to reduce the average cost of fund. 2. More Focus on Volume: Although IDLC has department called Credit Risk Management to monitor the asset quality of the company, still the company sometimes for the sake of profit and past relationship provide loans to customers who at the end hamper the portfolio quality of IDLC. 3.Too Much Diversification: Too much diversification of product and services offering hamper the focus on the core services of the organization . 4. Less People in Liability Marketing: IDLC still employs lesser number of workforces for the aggressive liability marketing in comparison to banks and NBFI like DBH. Opportunities 1. Continuity of Liberalization: Government has continued to liberalize the economy towards more market orientation. This encouraged both local and foreign investors to invest in potential sectors. The privatization plan of government is likely to have positive impact on industrialization. 2. Foreign Investment in Prospective Sectors: In recent days foreign investment in the various prospective sectors has increased phenomenally.This creates a good opportunity for all financial institutions to enter in the booming new sector. 3. Local banks inefficiency: One of the major reasons for thriving of leasing company in Bangladesh is local banks inefficiency of providing project loan. This phenomenon still persists. Threats 1. Threat from banks: In recent times banks are also entering into leasing business whi ch is generally considered as functions of Non-Banking Financial Institutions. 2. Regularity control of government: The legal framework of Bangladesh is relatively weak. Lack of effective foreclosure laws and manual land recording system creates possibility of forgery and disputes.This may hinder the loan recovery from the defaulters. 2. 9 PERFORMANCE OF IDLC FINANCE LIMITED 2. 9. 1 CAMEL RATING Rating type | Base | At 31. 12. 08 | Rating | 1. Capital sufficiency C | Reserve should be 25. 00 crore by the end of 30. 06. 06 | 16. 113 Crore| 1(Strong) | 2. Asset Quality A | (Classified loan/lease and other assets)/overdue amount*100 | 6089. 04/153384. 93*100=3. 97% | 2(Satisfactory) | 3. Management M | Average of C,A,E ; L ratios | (1+2+1+1)/4=1. 25 | 1(Strong) | 4. Earning Ratio E | (NPAT/TA)*100% (NPAT/TE)*100% | (4063. 72/167085. 65)*100%=2. 43% (4063. 72/16113. 12)*100%=25. 22% | 1(Strong) | 5. Liquidity Ratio L | 1. CRR ; SLR reserve 2.Interbank dependency 3. Profit | -Reserved -L ess dependent -Strong | 1(Strong) | CAMEL | Sum of 5 Ratios/5 | (1+2+1+1+1)/5=1. 20 | 1(Strong) | CAMEL rating has improved to 1 comparing to the last year 2(Satisfactory) 3. 0 Credit Risk Management 3. 1 WHAT IS RISK? In general Risk can be define as the â€Å" Probability or threat of a damage, injury, liability, loss, or other negative occurrence, caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and which may be neutralized through pre-mediated action. † But in Finance risk is defined concerning some special factors of market and other externalities which can affect an individual or organization’s decision.In Finance risk is defined as â€Å"Probability that an actual return on an investment will be lower than the expected return. † Financial risk is divided into the following general categories: (1) Basis risk: Changes in interest rates will cause interest-bearing liabilities (deposits) to re-price at a rate higher than that of the interest-bearing assets (lo ans). (2) Capital risk: Losses from unrecovered loans will affect the financial institution's capital base and may necessitate floating of a new stock (share) issue. Therefore to reduce this risk Banks, NBFIs, and other organizations take various types of measures so that it can be reduced in a minimal affordable limit. In Banks and NBFIs the core risk is credit risk.As Banks, NBFIs performs there major operations on providing loan, lease (for NBFIs) therefore there is a chance of default at time of repayment. So to reduce this default risk so that number of default payment does not increase and to forecast this probability with appropriate tools Banks, NBFIs always work on managing their Credit Risk. Several Guideline and standards are prepared so that Credit Risk for individual banks and NBFIs can be reduced. 3. 2 CREDIT RISK Credit risk is the possibility that a borrower or counter party will fail to meet agreed obligations. Globally, more than 50% of total risk elements in banks and FIs are Credit Risk alone. Thus managing credit risk for efficient management of a FI has gradually become the most crucial task.Credit risk may take the following forms: * In direct lease/term finance: rentals/principal/and or interest amount may not be repaid * In issuance of guarantees: applicant may fail to build up fund for settling claim, if any; * In documentary credits: applicant may fail to retire import documents and many others * In factoring: the bills receivables against which payments were made, may fail to be paid * In treasury operations: the payment or series of payments due from the counter parties under the respective contracts may not be forthcoming or ceases * In securities trading businesses: funds/ securities settlement may not be effected * In cross-border exposure: the availability and free transfer of foreign currency funds may either cease or restrictions may be imposed by the sovereign Credit risk management encompasses identification, measurement, m atching mitigations, monitoring and control of the credit risk exposures to ensure hat: * The individuals who take or manage risks clearly understand it * The organization’s Risk exposure is within the limits established by Board of Risk taking Decisions are in line with the business strategy and objectives set by BOD * The expected payoffs compensate the risks taken * Risk taking decisions are explicit and clear * Sufficient capital as a buffer is available to take risk * Directors with respect to sector, group and country’s prevailing situation * Risk taking Decisions are in line with the business strategy and objectives set by BOD 3. 3 CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS Credit risk management process should cover the entire credit cycle starting from the origination of the credit in a financial institution’s books to the point the credit is extinguished from the books. It should provide for sound practices in: 1. Credit processing/appraisal; 2. Credit approval/sa nction; 3.Credit documentation; 4. Credit administration; 5. Disbursement; 6. Monitoring and control of individual credits; 7. Monitoring the overall credit portfolio (stress testing) 8. Credit classification; and 9. Managing problem credits/recovery 3. 3. 1 . CREDIT PORCES SING/APPRAISAL : Credit processing is the stage where all required information on credit is gathered and applications are screened. Credit application forms should be sufficiently detailed to permit gathering of all information needed for credit assessment at the outset. In this connection, NBFIs should have a checklist to ensure that all required information is, in fact, collected.NBFIs should set out pre-qualification screening criteria, which would act as a guide for their officers to determine the types of credit that are acceptable. For instance, the criteria may include rejecting applications from blacklisted customers. These criteria would help institutions avoid processing and screening applications that would be later rejected. Moreover, all credits should be for legitimate purposes and adequate processes should be established to ensure that financial institutions are not used for fraudulent activities or activities that are prohibited by law or are of such nature that if permitted would contravene the provisions of law. Institutions must not expose themselves to reputational risk associated with granting credit to customers of questionable repute and integrity.The next stage to credit screening is credit appraisal where the financial institution assesses the customer’s ability to meet his obligations. Institutions should establish well designed credit appraisal criteria to ensure that facilities are granted only to creditworthy customers who can make repayments from reasonably determinable sources of cash flow on a timely basis. Financial institutions usually require collateral or guarantees in support of a credit in order to mitigate risk. It must be recognized that collat eral and guarantees are merely instruments of risk mitigation. They are, by no means, substitutes for a customer’s ability to generate sufficient cash flows to honor his contractual repayment obligations.Collateral and guarantees cannot obviate or minimize the need for a comprehensive assessment of the customer’s ability to observe repayment schedule nor should they be allowed to compensate for insufficient information from the customer. Care should be taken that working capital financing is not based entirely on the existence of collateral or guarantees. Such financing must be supported by a proper analysis of projected levels of sales and cost of sales, prudential working capital ratio, past experience of working capital financing, and contributions to such capital by the borrower itself. Financial institutions must have a policy for valuing collateral, taking into account the requirements of the Bangladesh Bank guidelinesdealing with the matter. Such a policy shall, mong other things, provide for acceptability of various forms of collateral, their periodic valuation, process for ensuring their continuing legal enforceability and realization value. In the case of loan syndication, a participating financial institution should have a policy to ensure that it does not place undue reliance on the credit risk analysis carried out by the lead underwriter. The institution must carry out its own due diligence, including credit risk analysis, and an assessment of the terms and conditions of the syndication. The appraisal criteria will of necessity vary between corporate credit applicants and personal credit customers. Corporate credit applicants must provide audited financial statements in support of their applications.As a general rule, the appraisal criteria will focus on: * Amount and purpose of facilities and sources of repayment; * Integrity and reputation of the applicant as well as his legal capacity to assume the credit obligation; * Risk profil e of the borrower and the sensitivity of the applicable industry sector to economic fluctuations; * Performance of the borrower in any credit previously granted by the financial institution, and other institutions, in which case a credit report should be sought from them; * The borrower’s capacity to repay based on his business plan, if relevant, and projected cash flows using different scenarios; * Cumulative exposure of the borrower to different institutions; * Physical inspection of the borrower’s business premises as well as the facility that is the subject of the proposed financing; * Borrower’s business expertise; Adequacy and enforceability of collateral or guarantees, taking into account the existence of any previous charges of other institutions on the collateral; * Current and forecast operating environment of the borrower; * Background information on shareholders, directors and beneficial owners for corporate customers; and * Management capacity of co rporate customers. 3. 3. 2 . CREDIT – APPROVAL/SANCTION A financial institution must have some written guidelines on the credit approval process and the approval authorities of individuals or committees as well as the basis of those decisions. Approval authorities should be sanctioned by the board of directors. Approval authorities will cover new credit approvals, renewals of existing credits, and changes in terms and conditions of previously approved credits, particularly credit restructuring, all of which should be fully documented and recorded.Prudent credit practice requires that persons empowered with the credit approval authority should not also have the customer relationship responsibility. Approval authorities of individuals should be commensurate to their positions within management ranks as well as their expertise. Depending on the nature and size of credit, it would be prudent to require approval of two officers on a credit application, in accordance with the Board ’s policy. The approval process should be based on a system of checks and balances. Some approval authorities will be reserved for the credit committee in view of the size and complexity of the credit transaction. 3. 3. 3 CREDIT DOCUMEN TATIONDocumentation is an essential part of the credit process and is required for each phase of the credit cycle, including credit application, credit analysis, credit approval, credit monitoring, and collateral valuation, and impairment recognition, foreclosure of impaired loan and realization of security. The format of credit files must be standardized and files neatly maintained with an appropriate system of cross-indexing to facilitate review and follow-up. Documentation establishes the relationship between the financial institution and the borrower and forms the basis for any legal action in a court of law. Institutions must ensure that contractual agreements with their borrowers are vetted by their legal advisers.Credit applications mus t be documented regardless of their approval or rejection. For security reasons, financial institutions need to consider keeping the copies of critical documents (i. e. , those of legal value, facility letters, and signed loan agreements) in credit files while retaining the originals in more secure custody. Credit files should also be stored in fire-proof cabinets and should not be removed from the institution's premises. 3. 3. 4 CREDIT ADMINIS TRATION Financial institutions must ensure that their credit portfolio is properly administered, that is, loan agreements are duly prepared, renewal notices are sent systematically and credit files are regularly updated.An institution may allocate its credit administration function to a separate department or to designated individuals in credit operations, depending on the size and complexity of its credit portfolio. A financial institution’s credit administration function should, as a minimum, ensure that: * Credit files are neatly or ganized, cross-indexed, and their removal from the premises is not permitted; * The borrower has registered the required insurance policy in favour of the bank and is regularly paying the premiums; * The borrower is making timely repayments of lease rents in respect of charged leasehold properties; * Credit facilities are disbursed only after all the contractual terms and conditions have been met and all the required documents have been received; * Collateral value is regularly monitored; The borrower is making timely repayments on interest, principal and any agreed to fees and commissions; * Information provided to management is both accurate and timely; * Funds disbursed under the credit agreement are, in fact, used for the purpose for which they were granted; * â€Å"Back office† operations are properly controlled; * The established policies and procedures as well as relevant laws and regulations are complied with; and On-site inspection visits of the borrower’s bus iness are regularly conducted and assessments documented 3. 3. 5 DISBURSEMENT Once the credit is approved, the customer should be advised of the terms and conditions of the credit by way of a letter of offer. The duplicate of this letter should be duly signed and returned to the institution by the customer.The facility disbursement process should start only upon receipt of this letter and should involve, inter alia, the completion of formalities regarding documentation, the registration of collateral, insurance cover in the institution’s favor and the vetting of documents by a legal expert. Under no circumstances shall funds be released prior to compliance with pre-disbursement conditions and approval by the relevant authorities in the financial institution. 3. 3. 6 MONITORING ; CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL CREDITS To safeguard financial institutions against potential losses, problem facilities need to be identified early. A proper credit monitoring system will provide the basis for taking prompt corrective actions when warning signs point to deterioration in the financial health of the borrower.Examples of such warning signs include unauthorized drawings, arrears in capital and interest and deterioration in the borrower’s operating environment. Financial institutions must have a system in place to formally review the status of the credit and the financial health of the borrower at least once a year. More frequent reviews (e. g. at least quarterly) should be carried out of large credits, problem credits or when the operating environment of the customer is undergoing significant changes. * Funds advanced are used only for the purpose stated in the customer’s credit application; * Financial condition of a borrower is regularly tracked and management advised in a timely fashion; * Borrowers are complying with contractual covenants; Collateral coverage is regularly assessed and related to the borrower’s financial health; * The institution†™s internal risk ratings reflect the current condition of the customer; * Contractual payment delinquencies are identified and emerging problem credits are classified on a timely basis; and * Problem credits are promptly directed to management for remedial actions. * More specifically, the above monitoring will include a review of up-to-date information on the borrower, encompassing: * Opinions from other financial institutions with whom the customer deals; * Findings of site visits; * Audited financial statements and latest management accounts; * Details of customers' business plans; * Financial budgets and cash flow projections; and * Any relevant board resolutions for corporate customers. 3. 3. 7 MAINTAINING THE OVERALL CREDIT PORTFOLIOAn important element of sound credit risk management is analyzing what could potentially go wrong with individual credits and the overall credit portfolio if conditions/environment in which borrowers operate change significantly. The results of t his analysis should then be factored into the assessment of the adequacy of provisioning and capital of the institution. Such stress analysis can reveal previously undetected areas of potential credit risk exposure that could arise in times of crisis. Possible scenarios that financial institutions should consider in carrying out stress testing include: * Significant economic or industry sector downturns; Adverse market-risk events; and * Unfavorable liquidity conditions. Financial institutions should have industry profiles in respect of all industries where they have significant exposures. Such profiles must be reviewed /updated every year. 3. 3. 8 CLASSIFICATION OF CREDIT Credit classification process grades individual credits in terms of the expected degree of recoverability. Financial institutions must have in place the processes and controls to implement the board approved policies, which will, in turn, be in accord with the proposed guideline. This guideline may also be called as Credit Risk Grading (CRG), is a collective is a collective efinition based on the pre-specified scale and reflects the underlying credit-risk for a given exposure. A Credit Risk Grading deploys a number/ alphabet/ symbol as a primary summary indicator of risks associated with a credit exposure. Credit Risk Grading is the basic module for developing a Credit Risk Management system. Credit risk grading is an important tool for credit risk management as it helps the Financial Institutions to understand various dimensions of risk involved in different credit transactions. The aggregation of such grading across the borrowers, activities and the lines of business can provide better assessment of the quality of credit portfolio of a FI.The credit risk grading system is vital to take decisions both at the pre-sanction stage as well as post-sanction stage. Two- types of factors play vital role in modeling the CRG, they are, 1. Quantitative factors 2. Qualitative factors The chart is given in the following page; Quantitative Financial Ratios Loan Repayment performance Credit Ratings Expected Default Frequencies Qualitative Management Quality Tenure in Business Operations Industry/Niche At the pre-sanction stage, credit grading helps the sanctioning authority to decide whether to lend or not to lend, what should be the lending price, what should be the extent of exposure, what should be the appropriate credit facility, what are the various facilities, on the basis of the above factors.At the post-sanction stage, the FI can decide about the depth of the review or renewal, frequency of review, periodicity of the grading, and other precautions to be taken. Risk grading should be assigned at the inception of lending, and updated at least annually. 3. 3. 9 MANAGING PROBL EM CREDITS/RECOVERY A financial institution’s credit risk policy should clearly set out how problem credits are to be managed. The positioning of this responsibility in the credit department of an i nstitution may depend on the size and complexity of credit operations. It may form part of the credit monitoring section of the credit department or located as an independent unit, called the credit workout unit, within the department.Often it is more prudent and indeed preferable to segregate the workout activity from the area that originated the credit in order to achieve a more detached review of problem credits. The workout unit will follow all aspects of the problem credit, including rehabilitation of the borrower, restructuring of credit, monitoring the value of applicable collateral, scrutiny of legal documents, and dealing with receiver/manager until the recovery matters are finalized. Financial institutions will put in place systems to ensure that management is kept advised on a regular basis on all developments in the recovery process, may that emanate from the credit workout unit or other parts of the credit department.There should be clear evidence on file of the steps t hat have been taken by the financial institution in pursuing its claims against a delinquent customer, including any legal steps initiated to realize on the collateral. Where there is a delay in the liquidation of collateral or other credit recovery processes, the rationale should be properly documented and anticipated actions recorded, taking into account any revised plans submitted by the borrower. The accountability of individuals/committees who sanctioned the credit as well as those who subsequently monitored the credit should be revisited and responsibilities ascribed. Lessons learned from the post mortem should be duly recorded on file. 4. 0 Findings and Analysis — Credit Risk Management by IDLC Finance Ltd To perform the overall CRM process 3 departments are working together at IDLC Finance Ltd.As a leading NBFI in Bangladesh IDLC has always tried to maintain the quality they achieve through 24th year business tenure. These three departments are- Collection of Client i nformation and preparing Appraisal Report CRM Department After getting the approval from the respective authority Internal Control Internal and Compliance (ICC) do all the Control &documentation processes Compliance Collection of installment and managing the overdue rentals as well Special Asset as dealing with the client’s default is Management done by Special Asset Management (SAM) (SAM) * . 4. 1 PROCEDURAL WORK FLOW OF LEASE MARKETING At the initial stage, IDLC concentrated to establish a market and then enlarge the market.The criteria based on which the market for lease financing has been established are as follows: * Diversification of portfolio * Selecting top industrial unit in the respective industry * Financing for Balancing, Modernization, Replacement and Expansion (BMRE) of existing unit * Priority of existing leases * Set up priority based on sector wise performance Primary focus of IDLC till now is in the area of financial leasing of industrial and professional e quipment and vehicles for three to five years term with particular emphasis on BMRE of existing units. Instead of lending funds to purchase equipment, IDLC provides the equipment and extends the exclusive right to its use against specified rental payments at periodic intervals.There are two types of client for which the procedural work flow would be different though the basic part would be the same. The different types of clients are * Existing Clients – with whom IDLC has already been working * New Clients – with whom IDLC has no business yet The basic procedural work flow is given below: The above procedures are briefly described below: Collect Client & Loan data Compute Credit Risk on the basis of Risk Grade Preparing the appraisal report on the basis of risk Approval by the appropriate authority Documentation Lease/Loan payment collection Creating Provision for default Function of SAM Expiry of Agreement The client applies for required facility through letter. Thes e required facility can vary from different sort of equipments for BMRE to vehicles or expansion projects. The letter generally consists of brief description about the asset to be procured, its price and reason for procurement along with its lease period. * IDLC studies the proposal and sends an offer letter to the client. The offer letter contains acquisition cost, lease period, per month rental and other terms & conditions to be applied if the agreement is done. It is to be noted here that the offer letter is a mere offer and by no means an agreement between the two parties.Thus, the terms & conditions may change upon final agreement. However, it seldom changes as that will hamper the goodwill of the company. * The client accepts the offer and submits an accepted offer letter. If the client agrees to the terms & conditions of the offer letter, they sign & seal the offer letter as accepted and send it back to IDLC. * IDLC collects initial information about the client. The initial i nformation are * CIB Undertaking & Form XII (if a limited company) for that client to be sent to Bangladesh Bank for CIB Report of the applying client (as per rule of Bangladesh Bank) * IDLC looks for banks opinion for that client The designated Relationship Manager prepares the appraisal report and evaluated the client’s proposal. The appraisal report consists of * Background analysis of the company * Management and organization * Cost estimate of equipment/vehicle * Technical and marketing analysis, both from macro and micro level * Financial analysis of the company. i. e. profitability projection, credit report, year wise performance * The appraisal report seeks approval from the appropriate authority. First of all the Relationship Manager places the report to Credit Evaluation Committee (CEC), which consists of representative from Credit Risk Management, Operational Risk Management, General Manager and Deputy Managing Director.After CEC consent, the report is sent to appr oving authority. * After approval, the documentation process starts. A sanction ledger is prepared and a sanction letter is issued in the client’s name. However, depending on the nature of negotiation, the documentation procedure varies. * The client collects the asset. * Proper insurance coverage is done depending upon the asset and procurement of asset from a selected pool of insurance companies. * The lease operation starts i. e. a formal agreement is signed by both IDLC and lessee. The lessee starts to pay the rental and the lease continues. * Generally, just after the last rental is paid on a regular basis, the transfer of ownership takes place.Depending upon the negotiated transfer price at the beginning, IDLC transfers the asset’s ownership to the client and lease expires. However, the lease operation can also be expired early through partial termination or foreclosure. For new clients the following few steps are added: * Identification of client – the id entification of new client is done through relationship management. The main sources of information about new clients are: * Existing client * Word of Mouth * Internal Connection * Client call * Walk-in Client * Prepare extensive appraisal report and seek formal bank & FI opinion. The documentation procedure can differ depending upon the modes of acquisition of asset.According to the guideline provided by Bangladesh Bank, IDLC considers the following factors while appraising a client and its finance proposal: 1. Business Risk Factors: * Industry * Size * Maturity * Production * Distribution * Vulnerability * Competition * Demand- supply situation * Strategic importance for the group and for the country * Concentration * Market reputation 2. Financial Risk Factors: * Profitability * Liquidity * Debt management * Post Balance sheet events * Projections * Sensitivity Analysis * Peer Group Analysis * Other Bank Lines 3. Management Risk Factors: * Experience/relevant background * Track r ecord of management in see through economic cycles * Succession * Reputation 4. Structural Risk Factors: * Identify working capital requirement Relate the requirement with asset conversion cycle * Purpose of the facilities should be clear and thus mode of disbursement should be preferably structured in a manner to make direct payment to the third party through LC, pay order, Bangladesh Bank cheques etc. 5. Security Risk Factors: * Perishablilty * Enforceability /Legal structure * Forced Sale Value (calculations of force sale value should be at least guided by Bangladesh Bank guidelines) ————————————————- 4. 3 WEIGHTS ASSIGNED TO EACH RISK FACTOR CRITERIA WEIGHT | LEVERAGING 20% The ratio of a borrower’s total debt to tangible net worth. LIQUIDITY 20% The ratio of a borrower’s Current Assets to Current Liabilities. | PROFITABILITY 20% The ratio of a borrowerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Operating Profit to Sales. | ACCOUNT CONDUCT 10% Time length of relationship with the client | BUSINESS OUTLOOK 10% A critical assessment of the medium term prospects of the borrower, taking into account the industry, market share and economic factors. | CRITERIA WEIGHT | MANAGEMENT 5% The quality of management based on the aggregate number of years that the Senior Management Team (top 5 executives) has been in the industry. PERSONAL DEPOSITS 5% The extent to which the bank maintains a personal banking relationship with the key business sponsors/principals. | AGE OF BUSINESS 5% The number of years the borrower has been engaged in the primary line of business. | SIZE OF BUSINESS 5% The size of the borrower’s business measured by the most recent year’s total sales. Preferably based on audited financial statements. | ————————————————- 4. 4 MEASURES TA KEN FOR RESTORATION OF DEFAULT CLIENTS The Special Asset Management Department of IDLC is responsible for mending and improving the repayment pattern of the default clients.Principal Objectives of the SAM department is keeping overdue situation at possible lowest level so that provision for dues can be minimized so that the negative impact of defaults on the reported profit of IDLC can be kept at minimum level. For this the department goes through the following procedures: 1. Monitoring the overdue situation of the financed projects 2. Initiating procedures as appropriate for each case Some clients fail to make payments of rentals/ installments to the lender/ lessor institution. In several cases, the failure is temporary, which is eventually paid within a short time. But in other cases, the client continues to default and the situation worsens since it deteriorates the profitability condition of IDLC, just like any other Financial Institution.So, critical measures are taken on the p art of IDLC and these measures are mainly undertaken by Special Asset Management Department. 4. 5 FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL ASSET MANAGEMENT (SAM) The Special Asset Management Department performs a number of activities to keep the overdue situation of IDLC within minimum level. These are: 1. Overdue Monitoring- Corporate, SME, Syndication 2. Overdue follow Up- Corporate, SME, Syndication(Phone, Visit, letter) 3. SAM Client Follow Up- (Regular, Difficult, Block, Litigated)- Phone, Visit, Letter, Negotiation 4. Termination, Block & Litigation- Initialization, Follow up, Court Attendance 5. Appointment of Lawyers for different Legal Procedures 6.Recovery Agent Appointment & Follow up 7. Rescheduling- Negotiation, Approval, Follow up 8. Routine works: Receivable Calculation, Closure, Waiver Approval, Adjustments, Reconciliation. 9. Letter Issue- Overdue Clients SAM departmental Targets: 1. Collection of Overdue Rentals 2. Reduction of Non- performing Loans (NPL) 3. Reduction of Infection rat io 4. Bad/Loss Provision Management- Incremental Provision Control 4. 5. 1. RECOVERY ACTION PLAN BY SAM Special asset management takes various recovery actions to reduce the overdue amount, thus reducing the infection ratio. These actions differ on the basis of investment classification as follows; 4. 5. 1. 1 REGULAR ACCOUNTS (RGACC) Age of overdue: One to Three months * Call immediate ext working day after 1st default installment to remind about overdue. * Try to get specific commitments from client. Committed date should not exceed seven days. * In case of no response from client within seven days, call the client again in order to ascertain reasons for delay and obtain another specific