Geography of Christmas

Every December 25, billions of people around the world gather together to celebrate the Christmas holiday. While many dedicate the occasion as the Christian tradition of the birth of Jesus, others commemorate the age-old customs of the pagans, the indigenous peoples of pre-Christian Europe. Still, others might carry on the celebration of Saturnalia, the feast of the Roman god of agriculture. And, the celebration of Saturnalia included the ancient Persian Feast of the Unconquered Sun on December 25th. Whatever the case, one can certainly encounter many different ways of celebrating the occasion. Through the centuries these local and universal traditions have gradually blended together to form our modern tradition of Christmas, arguably the first global holiday. Today, many cultures around the world celebrate Christmas with a wide variety of customs. In the United States, most of our traditions have been borrowed from Victorian England, which were themselves borrowed from other places, notably mainland Europe. In our current culture, many people may be familiar with the Nativity scene or maybe visiting Santa Claus at the local shopping mall, but these common traditions werent always with us. This compels us to ask some questions about the geography of Christmas: where did our holiday traditions come from and how did they come to be? The list of world Christmas traditions and symbols is long and varied. Many books and articles have been written about each one separately. In this article, three of the most common symbols are discussed: Christmas as the birth of Jesus Christ, Sa nta Claus, and the Christmas tree. Origin and Diffusion of Christmas Symbols Christmas was designated as the birth of Jesus in the fourth century CE. During this period, Christianity was just beginning to define itself and Christian feast days were integrated into the popular pagan traditions to ease the adoption of the new religious beliefs. Christianity diffused outward from this region through the work of evangelizers and missionaries and eventually, European colonization brought it to places all over the world. The cultures that adopted Christianity also adopted the celebration of Christmas. The legend of Santa Claus began with a Greek Bishop in fourth-century Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). There in the town of Myra, a young bishop, named Nicholas, gained a reputation for kindness and generosity by distributing his family fortune to the less fortunate. As one story goes, he stopped the sale of three young women into slavery by providing enough gold to make a marriage dowry for each of them. According to the story, he threw the gold through the window and it landed in a stocking drying by the fire. As time passed, the word spread of Bishop Nicholas generosity and children began hanging their stockings by the fire in hopes that the good bishop would pay them a visit. Bishop Nicholas died on December 6th, 343 CE. He was canonized as a saint a short time later and the feast day of Saint Nicholas is celebrated on the anniversary of his death. The Dutch pronunciation of Saint Nicholas is Sinter Klaas. When Dutch settlers came to the United States, the pronunciation became Anglicanized and changed to Santa Claus which remains with us today. Little is known about what Saint Nicholas looked like. Depictions of him often portrayed a tall, thin character in a hooded robe sporting a graying beard. In 1822, an American theological professor, Clement C. Moore, wrote a poem A Visit from Saint Nicholas (more popularly known as The Night Before Christmas). In the poem, he describes Saint Nick as a jolly elf with a round belly and a white beard. In 1881, an American cartoonist, Thomas Nast, drew a picture of Santa Claus using Moores description. His drawing gave us the modern-day image of Santa Claus. The origin of the Christmas tree can be found in Germany. In pre-Christian times, the pagans celebrated the Winter Solstice, often decorated with pine branches because they were always green (hence the term evergreen). The branches were often decorated with fruit, especially apples and nuts. The evolution of the evergreen tree into the modern Christmas tree begins with Saint Boniface, on a mission from a Britain (modern-day England) through the forests of Northern Europe. He was there to evangelize and convert the pagan peoples to Christianity. Accounts of the journey say that he intervened in the sacrifice of a child at the foot of an oak tree (oak trees are associated with the Norse god Thor). After stopping the sacrifice, he encouraged the people to instead gather around the evergreen tree and divert their attention away from bloody sacrifices to acts of giving and kindness. The people did so and the tradition of the Christmas tree was born. For centuries, it remained mostly a Ger man tradition. The widespread diffusion of the Christmas tree to areas outside of Germany didnt happen until Queen Victoria of England married Prince Albert of Germany. Albert moved to England and brought with him his German Christmas traditions. The idea of the Christmas tree became popular in Victorian England after an illustration of the Royal Family around their tree was published in 1848. The tradition then quickly spread to the United States along with many other English traditions. Conclusion Christmas is a historic holiday that blends ancient pagan customs with the more recent universal traditions of Christianity. It is also an interesting trip around the world, a geographic story that originated in many places, especially Persia and Rome. It gives us the account of three wise men from the orient visiting a newborn baby in Palestine, the recollection of good deeds by a Greek bishop living in Turkey, the fervent work of a British missionary traveling through Germany, a childrens poem by an American theologian, and the cartoons of a German-born artist living in the United States. All of this variety contributes to the festive nature of Christmas, which is what makes the holiday such an exciting occasion. Interestingly, when we pause to remember why we have these traditions, we have geography to thank for it.

Descriptive Essay - A Distasteful Journey - 1310 Words

A Distasteful Journey The sun wrapped my body in its warm blanket. It extended its radiant arms to the surface, illuminating my surroundings. The slight breeze flowed through my hair and encompassed my entire figure in order to reverse the toasty effects of that ball of heat from above. The wind and warmth worked together in harmony without overpowering one another, helping to establish comfort. Finally, the weather was perfect – ideal temperatures and beautiful, clear skies. With a sunny and cool day, it was a relief that Athens was not cursed with scorching temperatures or with an incessant downpour of spontaneous rain. I wished I could turn back time and pause this moment in order to immerse myself in nature’s scenic beauty. However, I†¦show more content†¦The traffic was a river where vehicles swiftly flowed past and merged into one large blur. Too many things were occurring simultaneously that I could not focus on every detail of my surroundings. Comforted by my pre-constructed schedule and map, I felt at ease walking through this enormous jungle despite its overwhelming energy. If I arrived in Athens unprepared, I undoubtedly would have walked aimlessly throughout the city’s maze. Although I possessed the directions to my destination, my anxiety progressively increased as the mood of my surrounding slowly changed. I had turned onto a dark, creepy street, which almost seemed uninhabited. Although there were cars parked on the side of the road, the sight of vehicles driving down the street was a rare one. Was I even on the right street? What if I’m in the bad part of town, I nervously thought. I had barely seen a person in the past minute, except for the occasional smokers and homeless people off to the side. My pace quickened as if I was being sought by a predator and needed to hurriedly reach a safe haven (or, in my case, Insomnia Cookies). However, the cookie shop was more difficult to locate than I had imagined. It seemed as if they camouflaged themselves by squeezing in between two larger buildings, which led me to walk right past it; there were no bright, noticeable colors or logos to catch my attention. I had originally thought the shop wasShow Mor eRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDeviance: Bucking the Hierarchy? 506 Case Incident 2 Siemens’ Simple Structure—Not 506 4 16 The Organization System Organizational Culture 511 What Is Organizational Culture? 512 A Definition of Organizational Culture 512 †¢ Culture Is a Descriptive Term 514 †¢ Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? 514 †¢ Strong versus Weak Cultures 514 †¢ Culture versus Formalization 515 What Do Cultures Do? 516 Culture’s Functions 516 †¢ Culture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating andRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages Disney finds that its image helps attract and retain good employees—which is a hallmark of their success (Source: Brad Barket/Getty Images, Inc.) 136 Chapter 6 Recruiting Job Attractiveness If the position to be filled is difficult, distasteful, or unattractive, recruiting a large and qualified pool of applicants will be difficult. In recent years, for instance, many employers have been complaining about the difficulty of finding suitably qualified individuals for manual labor positions

Ethics, CSR and Leadership Report †“Business Must Act Ethically” Free Essays

string(60) " Code of Best Practice in their annual report and accounts\." 1.Introduction Given the impact businesses have on society it is integral that they act ethically in order to ensure that the needs of society are continuously being met. If businesses do not act ethically they risk losing shareholders, stakeholders and customers (The Times, 2013, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics, CSR and Leadership Report – â€Å"Business Must Act Ethically† or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1). If businesses do not act ethically then they will be unable to survive in the competitive world. This is because businesses with strong ethical values are highly respected and enable better decisions to be made (Fenando, 2010, p. 110). Businesses are therefore required to act ethically in order to protect their own interests as well as those of society. This report will examine why businesses must act ethically by answering numerous questions surrounding business ethics. 2.Organisational Issues Regarding Business Ethics This question will identify, evaluate and critically analyse the issues an organisation needs to consider with respect to business ethics. In doing so, the importance of business ethics will first be identified, followed by a review as to how businesses can ensure that business ethics are being incorporated into their business. There is a growing need for organisations to reduce the risk of litigation by placing greater emphasis on the issues surrounding business ethics. Businesses are continuously recognising the need to take extra care by prioritising the â€Å"the application of ethical values, including integrity, fairness, respect and openness, to business behaviour† (Institute of Business Ethics, 2013, p. 1). Essentially, organisations are now more aware than ever that business needs to be conducted to a high standard, especially since the number of corruption allegations and subsequent investigations that have been made in recent years. Different policies and processes are frequently created so that organisations can ensure that they are conducted business in a way that minimises corruption (United Nations, 1999, p. 5). However, organisations cannot conform to proper business ethics by the creation of policies alone. They need to ensure that such policies are being implemented within the day-t o-day running of the business. Corrupt agents are a major problem for many businesses (Groenendikj, 1997, p. 207) as they are not always easy to detect. Nevertheless, in order to avoid any problems arising as a result of corrupt agents and therefore mitigate the risks associated with unethical business practices, businesses should ensure that they set out the clear needs of a particular agent. Businesses should also provide explanations as to why certain means cannot be used to perform business tasks, which ought to be subject to approval from senior executives. They should also set out clear guidelines that are designed to assist proposed payments for all tasks and carry out comprehensive due diligence processes. Businesses should also ensure that they have face to face meetings with all agents that they deal with and cash payments should be strictly prohibited. The agent should also be required to sign a contract which states that they will fully adhere to the organisations anti-c orruption policies and Code of Conduct. Organisations also have to consider facilitation payments, especially if dealing with underdeveloped countries where facilitation payments are commonplace (SFO, 2010, p. 2). Strict prohibitions should thus be in place with regards to facilitation payments, however as this is not possible in all countries where facilitation payments often need to be made, certain conditions should be attached to the payments. This will minimise the likelihood of corruption and will ensure that the organisation is operating ethically. Gifts and hospitality are further issues organisations need to be careful of as these can be seen as bribes. This occurs in situations whereby the bribe is disproportionate and thus imposes an obligation on the recipient. In avoiding situations such as this, organisations must ensure that they have clear guidelines in place for what is and is not considered acceptable as a gift or hospitality. In addition, individuals that have high level management responsibilities shoul d provide approval before any gifts or hospitality can be accepted. If organisations are conducting business oversees they will also be required to adhere to the laws of other countries as there may be different bribery laws that exist (Healy and Ramanna, 2013, p. 1). Given that different organisations will have different rules and policies on business ethics, extra caution also needs to be taken when entering into acquisitions, joint ventures and contractors. All companies entering into new business relationships must therefore undertake ethical due diligence checks to identify whether different policies and procedures are in place (Brown and Mitchell, 2001, p. 20). If this is the case, they will then be required to come to some agreement as to how business should be conducted in order to ensure that their business ethics code is being adhered to. Although many believe that business ethics reduces competition because of the fact that organisations will become â€Å"soft†, it is important that all company’s do act ethically in order to prevent the company’s reputation from being damaged. Effective ethical policies and procedures can also act as a powerful marketing tool and also helps companies ensure that they are fully compliant with the law. Business ethics improves professional standards and allows the company to see to the needs of the community, which in turn has a positive effect upon the company in the long term. By ensuring voluntary compliance with ethical codes of conduct, businesses avoid having to make drastic changes when new rules and regulations are implemented. Despite this, it is often very difficult to determine what is actually considered ethical as each organisation will have different ethical needs. However, provided that a company adopts accepted ethical standards of behaviour that reflect the nature and size of the business then business ethics will be satisfied. Ethical guidance is provided to organisations by the Institute of Directors’ guidelines and by the Institute of Management’s code of conduct and guides to professional m anagement practice. In addition to this, all organisations are now required to state whether they have complied with the Cadbury Code of Best Practice in their annual report and accounts. You read "Ethics, CSR and Leadership Report – â€Å"Business Must Act Ethically†" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, although organisations do have the right to set their own moral codes of ethics according to the nature and size of their business, they are still required to ensure that they are acting ethically in accordance with standard practice. The effectiveness of business ethics will, nonetheless, depend upon enforcement. This is because although the Cadbury Code of Best Practice states that all employees of a business are obliged to comply with the provisions of the Code, there also has to be procedures in place which allow people within the company to raise concerns about any unethical business practices which they may have witnessed. Therefore, it is integral that appli cable policies and procedures are in place that deal primarily with business ethics (Loscher, 2012, p. 2). 3.Lessons Learnt from News Corporation Scandal This question will discuss the different lessons companies can learn from the News Corporation Scandal. In doing so, a review as to what led to the scandals taken place will be undertaken, followed by a discussion relating to the importance of ethical polices with respect to Corporate Social Responsibility. The 2011 News Corporation phone hacking scandals have taught businesses a valuable lesson to ensure that they have effective compliance programmes in place. This is because the scandals that took place clearly illustrated that compliance risks were not being managed appropriately, which subsequently led to corrupt practices being undertaken by the News Corporation properties. Whilst the scandal initially appeared to involve a single journalist, it soon became apparent that there was a much wider pattern of wrongdoing that took place. The News of the World newspaper was subsequently closed as a result of the scandals, which demonstrates just how serious unethical business practices are. Businesses that have personal ties to political parties are at a higher risk of being bribed and in cases such as this, it is imperative that effective controls are in place to deal with this. This could be achieved by creating policies that deal with compliance risks appropriately and red flags should be raised by compliance departments if such relationships exist (Wrage, 2013, p. 2). In addition because the majority of employees found to be wrongdoing were at the top end of the hierarchal system, businesses must ensure that all of their employees are committed to compliance regardless as to what level they are at. Businesses could also compel their employees to take part in compliance and ethics training (Daft and Marcic, 2011, p. 153). This will not only allow the business to test its employees on compliance risks but it will also allow employees to test their abilities in dealing with ethical issues, such as bribery. Another lesson that companies can learn from the scandal is the need to undertake internal investigations on a regular basis by an independent investigator. This appears to be something that News Corporation had in place, which allowed the investigations to take place efficiently (Romm, 2011, p. 1). Since news of the scandals broke out, it seems as though there has been a furore of internal investigations taking place across the whole industry. This is common practice for a corruption scandal and often sees organisations taking a more robust approach with their compliance responsibilities (Urofsky et al, 2012, p. 1145). Although the lessons to be learned have been known for some time, it seems as though businesses are now starting to take compliance risks more seriously than they had done previously after seeing the consequences of non-compliance (Cobert and Pascal, 2012, p. 14). It is particularly important for businesses to have in place corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies since the concept of corporate governance has become a significant issue over the years. Many corporate collapses have lef an overhaul in the way corporations are to be regulated and as put forward by Gobert and Pascal (2012, p. 14); â€Å"it is timely to think further about how best not just to regulate but to control corporations and their directors, whether to use and in what combination, administrative, civil or criminal laws to address corporate misconduct.† The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) is just one of many organisations which seeks to ensure that governments can tackle the economic, social and governance challenges that frequently emerge within a globalised economy. Nevertheless, because there are no specific rules surrounding CSR it is generally up to the organisation to ensure compliance. It has thus been said that there is a â€Å"lack of prescription as to how the company’s board organises itself and exercises its responsibilities† (McColgan, 2001, p. 16). Still, the Combined Code on Corporate Governance (UK Corporate Governance Code 2010), that was issued by the FRC in 2003 does seek to ensure that good corporate governance practices are being adhered to by all companies. It is questionable just how effectiv e this is, however, since companies can employ a different approach than that encouraged by the Code. 4.Role of Corporate Leadership in Ethics and CSR This question will discuss the role a company’s leadership should play in the promotion of ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility. The primary feature of good governance is the relationship between the company and its stakeholders. A company’s leadership therefore plays an important role in making decisions and conducting business with the interests of the company’s stakeholders in mind (Bryan, 2012, p. 14). The provisions under the Code demonstrate the need for leadership; accountability; remuneration and relations with shareholders. However, it cannot be said that these principles are always being adhered to (PIRC, 2007, p. 2), yet it is apparent that compliance with the Code is on the rise. All companies need to be managed appropriately, whilst also providing accountability to its shareholders. This will certify that appropriate safeguards are in place for a company’s shareholders whilst also preserving a company’s ability to develop. Hence, as pointed out in the Cadbury Report (1992, p. 32); â€Å"the effectiveness with which boards discharge their responsibilities determine Brit ain’s competitive position. They must be free to drive their companies forward but exercise that freedom within a framework of effective accountability.† Accordingly, a system of good governance is important for any organisation if CSR and ethics are to be promoted. In order for CSR and ethics to be promoted an appropriate corporate structure needs to be implemented that is individually suited to the business needs as one approach will not be suitable for all. Although, this enables corrupt practices to be employed more easily, companies are still required to adhere to the Code and other legislative provisions. The UK thereby imposes duties upon all organisations to conduct business in an ethical manner, yet because of the difficulty in identifying whether this is being achieved additional strategies need to be implemented by businesses themselves. This can be achieved by a more robust management and control system. A number of precautions may be taken by organisations in order to eliminate or reduce compliance risks and preserve the interests of the company as a whole. This will inevitably benefit the economy overall and fewer corporate scandals and corrupt practices will be undertaken. Such precautions include risk management strategies, the conduction of regular reviews and internal investigations. As put by Ferran (2008, p. 95); â€Å"to minimise the risk, policymakers contemplating the imposition of higher minimum capital requirements for companies generally would need to take on the complex task of designing a carefully set of requirements that achieved a degree of commensurability between the specific risks undertaken by individual companies and the amount of capital that each of them was required to hold.† All companies should therefore minimise any risks by implementing various controls that assess the risks associated with the business. CSR does help to promote business ethics t o a large extent since the actions of a company will be strictly monitored under CSR policies. This will prevent unlawful and unethical conduct from taking place and will also assist in sustainable development (European Commission, 2011, p. 3). Corporate transparency is one of the most important traits a business can have since it will allow greater transparency and accountability to be effectuated. Hence, as pointed out in the Cadbury Report (1992, p. 32); â€Å"the lifeblood of markets is information and barriers to the flow of relevant information represent imperfections in the market.† Not only will this benefit the economy but it will also benefit the organisations as investors will be more likely to invest in a transparent company than a non-transparent one. As such, all companies should ensure that they are fully compliant and transparent when it comes to disclosing their business affairs. 5.Conclusions Overall, in considering the recent corporation scandals that have occurred in recent years, it is imperative that all businesses act ethically by managing compliance risks in an effective manner. Because of the importance business ethics has on the community and on the business itself it is integral that policies and procedures are in place that are aimed at dealing with the main risks that are applicable to the business in question. This will ensure that the interests of the business and society are being protected. Given the increasing emphasis that is being placed upon business ethics, those that are not found to be compliant will suffer the consequences as stakeholders will not be interested in any aspect of the business. This will have a major effect upon the business as a whole which is why adequate procedures need to be in place that deals primarily with business ethics. 6.Recommendations It is recommended that the organisation implements policies within the day-to-day running of the business so as to avoid any possible risks that may arise. When agents are being used organisations must ensure that they receive prior approval from a senior executive who will be able to perform a risk assessment as to whether there is any likelihood of corruption. When considering facilitation payments organisations must also ensure that conditions are attached if they are a necessary requisite of the business activity. In addition, internal reviews and investigations should be undertaken frequently and appropriate training should be given to all staff on how to deal with business ethics. 7.Bibliography Brown, M. E., and Mitchell, M. S., (2001) Ethical and Unethical Leadership: Exploring New Avenues for Future Research, Business Ethics Quarterly, Volume 20, Issue 4. Bryan, C. S., (2012) The role of leadership in fraud deterrence, Financial Executive. Cobert, J., and Pascal, A., (2012) European Developments in Corporate Criminal Liability, Taylor Francis US. Daft, R. L., and Marcic, D., (2011) Understanding Management, Business Economics, 8th Edition. European Commission., (2011) Sustainable and Responsible Business, [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. Fenando, A., (2010) Business Ethics and Corporate Governance, Pearson Education India, Business Ethics. Ferran, E., (2008) Principles of Corporate Finance Law, OUP Oxford. Groenendikj, N., (1997) A principal-agent model of corruption, Crime, Law and Social Change, Volume 27. Healy, P. M., and Ramanna, K., (2013) When the Crowd Fights Corruption, Harvard Business Review, The Globe, [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. Institute of Business Ethics., (2013) Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.ibe.org.uk/index.asp?upid=71msid=12 [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. Loscher, P., (2012) The CEO of Siemens on Using a Scandal to Drive Change, Harvard Business Review, The Globe. McColgan, P., (2001) Agency Theory and Corporate Governance: A Review of the Literature from a UK Perspective, [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. OECD., (2005) OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 1999 and 2004, [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. PIRC., (2007) Review of the Impact of the Combined Code’, [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. SFO., (2010) Enforcement of the United Kingdom’s Bribery Act – Facilitation Payments, http://www.sfo.gov.uk/media/225554/enforcement_of_the_uks_bribery_act_facilitation_payments_061212.pdf [Accessed 07 November 2013]. Romm, J., (2011) News Corp and the Hacked Climategate Emails: Time for an Independent Investigation, Climate Progress, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/07/19/272361/news-corp-hacked-climategate-emails-time-for-an-independent-investigation/ [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. The Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance and Gee and Co Ltd., ‘The Cadbury Report’ (1992), [Accessed 07 November, 2013]. The Times., (2013) Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Case Studies, [Accessed 06 November 2013]. United Nations., (1999) Prevention: An Effective Tool to Reduce Corruption, Programme Against Corruption, CICP-2. Urofsky, P., Moon, H. W. and Rimm, J., (2012) The FCPA at thirty-five and its impact on global business, Ohio State Law Journal. Wrage, A., (2013) 5Compliance Lessons from the News Corp Scandal, Forbes, [Accessed 06 November, 2013]. How to cite Ethics, CSR and Leadership Report – â€Å"Business Must Act Ethically†, Essay examples

Design of An Automatic Car Jar Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Design of An Automatic Car Jar. Answer: Introduction One of the most difficult experiences which give many people headache is having their car with flat tires while moving. There is usually a lot of on peoples their heads when they imagine getting out and viewing a flat tire (Johnson 2007). Although there is all equipment needed for the change of tire in the car, the stress of bending and pumping a manual or hydraulic jack become a bigger stress. Having an automatically operated car jack is a key requirement which will ensure that when the problem pounces, the major task is to place the jack under the car and then operate it while standing alongside. Concept Description The main concept in this project will be the design of an automatic car jack which can be operated through Bluetooth. This means that an application on the phone will be used to operate the jack automatically in lifting and lowering the car. The main idea will ensure the stress of going under the car and lifting it until the tyre leaves the ground is avoided (Kauffman 2010). The jack will have a Bluetooth detection device which will ensure it can flow communication with the phones Bluetooth. Bluetooth is an application which is found on all phones and this will ensure that users will only have an additional device showing the operation of the jack. The idea will ensure a new form of car jack, which is automatically operated, is designed. This idea will be highly operation in hydraulic jacks and not the manual jack systems (Erjavec 2013). The idea will operate on change the pressures of the hydraulic jack fluids and ensure that they lift up the cars. The major value of this project will rely on saving time and energy. The hydraulic jack operates whereby the oil is sacked into the plunger cylinder. The stress of pumping to lift up the oil in the hydraulic jack will be omitted (Lewin 2009). This will mean that the time taken to replace the flat tyres is less than what is being spent now. According to journal by Li, Kim Jeswiet the hydraulic jack is able to use the principle of Pascals law to operate. It has two mounted cylinders which have the operating fluid. The design of the automatic hydraulic jack will use the same principle of Pascals law. The already available principle and design is the operated hydraulic jack. The patents have hydraulic jack which has the same operating valves which will enhance the operation of the hydraulic fluid in the jacks (Rancourt Mitri 2011). The hydraulic has pressure ram cylinder which helps in uplift of the pressure and lowering pressure to lower the loads. Trye patent has to include critical formulate of the connectivity between the two parts of the jack and ensure proper lifting of the loads. Concept analysis The project will ensure high time saving and cost factor in the long run is achieved. In many cases, during flat tyres, affected people call for help to solve the project. This is most attributed to the stress of using the car jack. This new design will have a competitive advantage since it will require the jack to be placed on the best position and then operated while one is standing outside. In the long run, the project will achieve cost effectiveness (Rao Savsani 2012). Moreover, the project will ensure that the device is operational and enhance the effectiveness in minimizing challenges achieved with the current car jack design. The design of this project will rely on the Bluetooth connectivity. The major assumption will be that the Bluetooth connectivity will be strong enough and not fail during the operation of the jack. In addition, the design will assume that when the connectivity fails, the jack will not reverse the process and only stops the process. This will ensure that the jack continues to hold the load imposed. The major weakness of this project is the relying on the Bluetooth connectivity. In order to address this problem, the project will have a backup connectivity of the GPRS (Erjavec 2011a). This will ensure in case, GPRS will be connected when the Bluetooth connectivity fails. Conception design will ensure it addresses the issue of connectivity. Skills Team required Two major expertise teams will be required in this project. This will include the design team and also the programming team (Erjavec 2011b). This project will require expertise on design. The design expertise will ensure that the design on the jack is perfect to ensure proper lifting of the load. Design team will be able to ensure that the jack fits the perfect design parameters of the fluid cylinder. The design team will be able to design the best parameters under which the fluid can be compressed to achieve the required pressure to lift the loads. In addition, programming skills will be vital in this project. The design team will be important to come up with the best application programming which will ensure that the application in the carjack can connect with the gadgets application. The programming skills will ensure that the Bluetooth and GPRS strength are enough to lift the loads imposed. Proper experience in this will be required to ensure that the connectivity is able to prov ide the required strength to lift the loading and not fail (Erjavec 2010). In addition, the programming team has to ensure that automatic change on the network is carried out without change on the strength and process. This process will ensure that the car jack is not destroyed during the change process by the imposed load. These two teams will ensure that the design and operations of the automatic jack is able to enhance the efficiency of operation while saving time. Conclusion The design of the automatic hydraulic jack will ensure that time is highly saved. In addition, this project will help come up with proper design to ensure that load increasing load carrying capacity. In addition, the hydraulic design will factor the changes in the fluid pressure and ensure it enhances the operation of the hydraulic jack. This project will rely on Bluetooth and GPRS connectivity. Programming and design will be important experiences which will be applied on this project. References Erjavec, J. (2010). Automotive technology: A systems approach. Australia: Delmar Cengage Learning. Erjavec, J. (2011a). Classroom manual for automatic transmissions and transaxles. Clifton Park, N.Y: Delmar Cengage Learning. Erjavec, J. (2011b). Shop manual for automatic transmissions and transaxles. Clifton Park, N.Y: Delmar Cengage Learning. Erjavec, J. (2013). Hybrid, electric fuel-cell vehicles. Clifton Park, NJ: Delmar Cengage Learning. Johnson, J. L. (2007). Design of electrohydraulic systems for industrial motion control. East Troy, Wis: IDAS Engineering, Inc. Kauffman, J. (2010). Hydraulic system design. Cleveland, Ohio: Penton Pub. Co. Lewin, J. (2009). Hydraulic gates and valves in free surface flow and submerged outlets. London: Thomas Telford Ltd. Li, C., Kim, I. Y., Jeswiet, J. (February 01, 2015). Conceptual and detailed design of an automotive jack cradle by using topology, shape, and size optimization. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 51, 2, 547-564. Rancourt, A. J., Mitri, H. (January 01, 2011). Application of rock cover alteration ratio concept in preliminary design of unlined pressure jacks. Canadian automotive Journal, 48, 11, 1674-1682. Rao, R. V., Savsani, V. J. (2012). Mechanical Design Optimization Using Advanced Optimization Techniques. London: Springer London.