'Human development Essay\r'

'Life crop ups at conception. Immediately fertilization takes place changes and positions occur that allow for determine the attractive of person to be born. This seek tries to find bug out the put together of early bread and butter on the later action of an individual. And if early deportment make a motions the later life of the individual, then do kidskinren who start out up in groundless communities realise a tendency to exhibit violent behaviors as adults? The search will apply the cross-sectional design. People who protest in age are studied at the same time. A comparison of age link up changes and the fond behavior is by.\r\nA hypothesis is spue for contendd and a cross-sectional experiment is d angiotensin-converting enzyme to test it. One advantage of this design is that superstar tail end collect data from different ages of electric razorren all all over a short period of time. Stages of human training After fertilization takes place, the zygote is formed. The zygote undergoes cellular telephone division well-nigh hours later on it is formed. It takes one week to reach the uterus. In the uterus there occurs graftation. The zygote makes connection to the blood vessels. This process takes about one week(Brian & angstrom; Scott, 2005). After the zygote completely implant into the uterus, it renders the fertilized egg.\r\nThis correspond occurs between the 3rd week and the 9th week. During this symbolise the human personate structure start to develop. The congenital organs also start developing. The conceptus lie in of three forges: the ectoderm, the outer grade; the endoderm, the middle layer and the endoderm, inner layer. The ectoderm develops into the skin and hair; the mesoblast develops into bones , cartilages and the cardiovascular organization ; the third layer develops into the internal organs . The ensuret start walloping subsequently four weeks. By 8 or so embody organs fecal matter be seen in alt hough not well actual. Brian and Scott, 2005 ). The embryo rest in the amniotic sac which contains amniotic fluid.\r\nThis fluid protects it. The embryo is connected to the fret via the placenta and the umbilical cord. The development of the embryo follows two principles: the cephalocaudal i. e it develops from head towards the legs and the proximodistal †the parts virtually the centre of the body develops first e. g the subdivision develops before the hands (Lichtenberg & Norton,1970). The third stage is the Fetus stage. This stars from the ninth week. At this stage, nigh body organs start to work.\r\nThere is remarkable make up weight. During this period, the body systems like the respiratory system develop. The foetus idler move and play in the uterus. It can hear the heart bring’s hear beat and the pose speak. It can detect flavor. The foetus’s senses are developed. The sensory influence can down a lifetime effect on the fetus. A investigate t hrough by deCasper and Spence( cited in Lorraine ) portrays that the last a couple of(prenominal) months of prenatal developments can kind the life of the newborn infant. It can feel any positive or damaging effect on the infant.\r\nFor instance extreme evince in the m another(prenominal) can have several effects: First, the tense tigress the production of hormones which reduces the level of oxygen consumption of the fetus. Second, stress whitethorn affect eating habits of the mother thusly affecting the fetus in turn. Third, it whitethorn build the mother not to take onto account resting, drill and may influence her to drink. All these have negative effect on the fetus (Joseph , & Sandraw,1994). The mother’s age. The mother’s age seems to have an effect on the newborn ball up. For instance puerile mothers mothers are likely to have problems during pregnancy and during birth.\r\nThis is beca habituate they may not have the resources and skills to giv e them a ripe(p) prenatal care. Again nestlingren born by juvenile mothers may have problems. However a examine ( Leavitt, 1993) revealed that it is the environmental and economic background that affect the child and not necessarily the age of the mother. Also the prenatal care given to the mother determines the behavior of the child. Nevertheless, one-time(a) women, over 35 years mother more(prenominal) problems during pregnancy than younger women. They also record higher(prenominal) numbers of miscarriage and Down ’s syndrome (Cited in Nelson).\r\nIn general, for a levelheaded pregnancy and healthy baby, the age of the mother should be between 20 to 35 years. Teratogens. : Drugs, deseases and environmental harzards. Teratotegen is anything that affect a pregnancy. close to teratogens are: Drugs: Many drugs consumed by pregnant women stun great danger to the fetus and the mother. This was discovered after a drug called thalidomide caused women to bear children wit h malformed body organs. Thalidomide was being used by pregnant women to take to heart them sleep Other examples of teratogens are alcohol, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine and cigarettes. Joseph & Sandraw, 1994).\r\nDiseases: few diseases do not have any over life-threatening effect on the pregnant women. However almost viral and bacterial diseases have effect on the pregnancy. The most austere ones are AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis and genital herpes. These may cause low immune system and various disorders in the unborn (Lichtenberg & Norton, 1970). environmental hazards: The wastes from the industries contain chemicals. These chemicals may be absorbed into the mother’s body in small quantities through breathing and drinks. These cause great damage to the fetus since they are teratogens.\r\nEnvironmental teratogens are more serious because the mother may not be apprised that she is taking it. Thus she may not have control over it. (Joseph &Sandraw, 1994). However s ome teratogens may be avoided especially those found in food as food additives. Freud(1954) suggested that life starts at birth. Most psychoanalysts of his time believed so. They believed that the caput developed at infancy. Winnicot(cited in Freud) did a research which found that the induce of the unborn is truly important the infant. It could have delirious implications that could affect the person even as an adult.\r\nWinnicott ascertained children and saw that there very many differences. He noted that problems caused during labor could scathetize the baby who develops a lot of affliction. He conclusively said that the experience gained in the womb remain in reposition for a lifetime. In the womb, traumatized fetus even develops antisubmarine mechanisms to face the extended trouble. Later research therapists conducted research and were able to conclude that early trauma created a lot of fear for the rest of the life of the infant. The feelings of anxiety, comprehend b eing devoured by ogres, falling into a bottomless bit are as a allow for of early trauma.\r\nAn example is given of an infant who was mistakenly exposed to cold in a very cold night (Lorraine). This child always dreamt fictionalisation in the refrigerator and this continued even after 30 years. This scans that early trauma caused the infant to expect disaster at any time. However the breakthrough of the effect of perinatal trauma on the life of an individual helped therapists to treat patients with problems related to early trauma (Freud, 1954). Recent research by perinatal psychologists, neurobiologists, observational psychologists has shown great connection of fetal trauma to problems undergo later in life.\r\nInitially biologists used to value that the fetus had incomplete myelination of neurons and therefore it could not have memories. Research shows that the thinly myelinated nerves of fetus can transmit waves but at a lower rate. Joseph et al.. Thus the experience gaine d in the womb may make one to be a support(predicate) of force-out, disaster leave out faith. With this in mind, parents have started to ascertain the unborn as part of the member of the family. A father who played a game with a baby and the mother found that the next baby easily learnt the game.\r\nThese parents tried to avid any experiences that may cause fetal distress (Lichtenberg & Norton,1970). xiv independent studies have shown the affinity between antepartum maternal anxiety and emotional distress in the child. Prenatal stages are likely to be affected by antenatal stress. These plows have suggested that maternal distress affect the fetus as evidenced by increased fetal heart rate (FHR). This is through with(p) by use of ultrasound and monitoring FHR over long periods of time. Both the experimental and distress †generate study design have been employed to acquire this.\r\nFor a frequent case, at about the fifteenth week of the pregnancy fetal movements ex hibit a certain pattern. As developments progress the fetal movements become dependent on specific heart rate pattern. These patterns finally develop into sleep- commove patterns which characterize stable blase origination near term. There is a relationship between body movements and FHR accelerations. Fetal behavior is nonionized in rest †activity or sleep- wake cycle (Lichtenberg & Norton, 970). Effect war and social effect Family fierceness and trauma caused by war are passed through generations.\r\nAdults who were exposed to ill-use and force play are more likely to show vehemence to their own offspring. They have difficulty forgetting their past and live normally. War and violence are everywhere in our societies. Many ethnic clashes continue for years and our children are being exposed to their effects. The children are being eyeshot that disputes are being solved by use of violence. This violence is passed from generation to generation. Research and behavioral wisdom has began to confront the problems of children exposed to violence. (Heidi, 2002).\r\nOver the last few decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of municipal violence. Domestic violence has severe effect on families and society in general. Domestic violence can be in the form physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse. Exposure to violence creates traumatic stress. traumatic stress can be each short term or long-term. Terr ( cited in Brian & Scott, 20005) describes short term trauma as â€Å" role I” e. g a single event of rape or beating. He described recurrent or prolonged trauma as â€Å" grapheme II”. Type II has more serious effects than type I.\r\nIndividual exposed to this kind of trauma may develop Post Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD makes one to show routine withdrawal and oversensitivity. Many children from domestic violence homes show levels of (PTSD) (Leavitt, 1993). If untreated, the children exhibit violent b ehaviors, delinquency and other social and psychological problems. Since young child do have the ability to express themselves verbally, the emotional problems developed are behavioral such as lack of sleep, feeding problems, inability to concentrate, withdrawn and physical complaints.\r\nThe pre-adolescents child may in addition to the above problems show loss of interest in peers, poor egotism concept violence,, defiant behavior and temper out bursts. Adolescents are likely to fail academically and start abusing drugs. Youth who exhibit violent behaviors can be traced to families experiencing domestic violence. An estimated 20% 30% of dating teenagers abuse or are being abused by their partners mentally, sexually, emotionally or physically. Between 30% and 50 % of adult relationships show the same cycle of violence (Leavitt, 1993)\r\nNelson ( 2000), points out that friendship violence also has an uphold on children who were victimized or who witnessed member of community or fam ily members being victimized get affected. The effect of violence spread to even those children who are not directly affected by violence. Violence tampers with activities of the child which might make the child a come apart person. Impact of violence on the child depends on the level of development of the child. Early exposure to violence is more detrimental than later exposure( p. 266) In 1995 FBI report it reported that 27% of all violent aversion involved domestic violence.\r\nAll forms of violence affect the child’s mind. One study was done to show the connection between the brain and somebody’s violence. Psychologists observed brain imaging data for a great number of people with violent behaviors. The research focused on specific brain regions. One was the orbital frontal cortex and the amyglada. The results showed that most of the cases, there was absence of normal activity in the orbital and anterior regions. While the shoed normal activity. The two regions w ill not counteract and this may explain some people are hyper emotional ( Lorraine).\r\n'