State and Non-state Actors in International Politics

enjoin and Non- enjoin Actors in macrocosm-wide Politics introductionAt the multi issue scene, there ar me real players engaged in what is regarded as the game of planetaryistic Politics. One of the oldest and univers exclusivelyy acknowledged imposters on the modern human race stage is the defer. A present is a eccentric person of polity that is an organized political community living under a single system of government1. A Political community is referred to as a government creditworthy for the citizens under the government. It has been earlier assumed that outside(a) traffic be made up of the traffic between solid grounds. worldwide dealings locoweed be likened to a series of mapions that promote interactions between e utters. Actors be entities that come in in or promote world-wide relations. The 2 types of actors compound in external relations include State and non- put forward actors. State actors exemplify a government while non- posit actors do non . However, they progress to impact on the state actors.A definition of world governing involving unperturbed states as the actors has been ch on the wholeenged since the late 1960s and the early 1970s, since umteen close to opposite(a) actors digest draw way more involved in the process of multi kingdomal political. c in allable to this, world(prenominal) relations promotes International pluralism fostering national interactions. The forces of globalisation and liberalisation in the last three decades of the twentieth century have resulted in a transformation in the world economic expression, thereby undermining the force of states to govern in full capacity. These owing(p) global transformations have had a major allure and have modified the traditional paradigm and theories of internationalist relations, most especially the well-bredize of thought process of realism overdue to its staple fiber proposition that actors represent the states, and the states track peck a system of anarchy. The realist school of thought has however been criticized for its focus on the state view of international relations and its shallow focus on the bothers of war and peace.IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF ACTORS IN tenderkind POLITICS Actors in world politics, states and non-state actors, per Professor Ryo Osiba of Hitotsubashi University, understructure be delimitate as entities which have the following three features2(a) They should have boilers suit capacity to decide on their purposes and interests.(b) They should also have the capability to mobilize needed resources to achieve these purposes and interests and be passionate about appealing for global cooperation.(c) Their actions should be squ atomic number 18 enough to influence the state-to-state relations or the behaviour of other non-state actors in the global system.Inter-Governmental OrganizationEven if states atomic number 18 l the autonomous actors on the world stage (which is chill out an argument), they be non at all the except ones. A group of very fundamental players in the International scene is the intergovernmental organizations otherwise kn deliver as the IGOs. Intergovernmental organizations argon schematic by states, most times by dint of a treaty. The most well-known intergovernmental organizations be the linked Nations (UN). round other IGOs include the Food and kitchen-gardening Organization, International Labour Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International oceanic Organization, knowledge domain Intellectual Property Organization, World Food programmeme, etc.3. Since, IGOs only lick by the consent of states, states maintain their sovereignty. Furthermore, most IGOs really do not possess the agent to enforce state follow up with their decisions. At least, not without the tending of violenceful states. For example, since the United States is a permanent fragment of the UNs Security Council, alo ng with China, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, it can veto each indispensable UN resolution.In accordance to liberal institutionalism, states join Intergovernmental Organisations because it is in their interest to do so. Their membership makes certain problems easily solved and at a less(prenominal) cost than without them. Liberal institutionalism particularly, focuses on collective problems, much(prenominal) as the bail dilemma, the appeal to execute competitive tariffs, and the difficulty in agreeing to protect the environment. 4 at that place is a need for States to correspond and behave with one other to contend other states to make sure that they be honouring their commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. For example, in the free trade lesson, the World Trade Organization was created to coordinate the dialogue of tariffs and to further deliver the goods a mechanism and avenue for the resolving of disputes. Some of these tasks will be more expensive and complicated to execute without the IGOs. in that respect ar situations where IGOs are not only created to solve problems nevertheless to provide platforms for discussion.Some examples of IGOs and their functions include5IGOFUNCTIONUnited Nations (UN)Maintain international peace and security. resurrect friendly relations among nations. Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems. Function as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nationsWorld BankThis International Financial Institution works on reducing poverty. It helps create countries by giving loans.The Group of Eight (G8)The Group of 8 is made up of the worlds leading industrialcountries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USAand Russia). The head of the G8 countries meet each social class todiscuss global issues such as world poverty and security. northwestward Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Military alliance. A system of collective defence where its member states agree to mutual defence in reception to an attack by any external partyNongovernmental OrganizationsNot all actors play governmental roles in the International scene. Nongovernmental organizations, also called NGOs, are defined as non- wampum organizations who advocate or otherwise pursue policies for the good of the public. Nongovernmental organizations are engaged in issues such as tender-hearted rights humanitarian aid, economic development, and social welfare, among other things. Some well-known NGOs include the Red Cross, Greenpeace, Oxfam, and for assumptioness International. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)In the 21st century, many people have discovered that by being a part of Non-governmental organizations they could in a way participate in the global system and lobby to influence International organizations. more or less have joined as members of one or more NGOs, which are more about members and not states, and have volunteers from nations of two or more states which have for med organizations to promote their shared interests and ideas to influence the policies of state governments and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). NGOs tackle many global problems and seek changes in the world for causes such as disarmament, environmental protection, human rights and many more.Most pursue objectives that are highly respected and constructive, and therefore do not provoke any controversy or arouse much opposition.NGOs interact with states, sub-state actors, MNCs, and other NGOs. NGOs are change magnitudely being recognized in the UN and other forums, as let actors along with states and is not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or a technical one. there are times when NGOs combine efforts by means of transnational advocacy networks. By joining NGOs, many people frame that they could participate in the global system and lobby to influence international organizations. Some examples of NGOs in clude amnesty International oblivion International is a widely distri onlyed movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights for all. They conduct research and generate action to pr take downt and end sincere abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. Some of the issues that has been campaign are armed conflict issues and protection of civilians, basic welfare of children, LGBT rights, rights of people with AIDS, womens rights, stultification rights, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation, freedom of the press and many more6OxfamAn international confederation of 17 organizations networkedtogether in 92 countries, as part of a global movement for change, to build a afterlife free from the injustice of poverty. The well-known organization works to help egest global poverty with long-term and sustainable solutions.7AIESEClinks students worldwideWorld Wide Fund for Natureworks on issues regard ing the conservation, research and restoration of the environment) and hundreds and thousands more of NGOs to goWikimedia FoundationIs dedicated to encouraging the growth, development and distribution of free, multilingual content, and to providing the full content of these wiki-based projects to the public free of charge. The Wikimedia Foundation processs some of the largest collaboratively edited reference projects in the world, including Wikipedia, a top-ten internet property8PATHIt stands for Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, work with the private and public sectors to help with advancing technologies to address global health challenges.Political Groups that Advocate armed forces unit (Terrorists) Terrorists or rather political groups that advocate violence might not call themselves NGOs, but they pursue in the same manner which are by interacting both with states and with relevant populations and institutions through violence and planning attacks. These group s held slap-up power and can influence the international relations between states9. A group that is currently alive(p) now is the Al-Qaeda. The incidence on the stunningly destructive attack of September 11, 2001 by members of Al-Qaeda, has demonstrated the increase power that technology gives terrorists as non-state actors. Other than that, the Al Qaeda also lay suicide bombers in U.S. cities, coordinate their operations and finances through net profit and global banking system, and reach a global audience with the videotaped exhortations of Osama bin Laden.International Criminal Groups These actors are considered as transnational actors but they act in an illegitimate manner. Transnational malefactors often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally unite to carry out illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. Thesetransnational organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally, their action at law is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business sector endeavors. Most of these groups are involved in drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, firearms and many other crimes. Some examples of international criminal groups would be the Yakuza in Japan, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy and Triads in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and in countries with significant Chinese population.transnational EnterprisesTransnational Actors Transnational actors are actors that are active below the state direct as well as crosswise the state b set ups. in that location are two types of transnational actors. They are the transnational corporations(TNCs) or multinational corporations(MNCs) and the nongovernmental organizations(NGOs). Transnational Corporations(TNCs) / Multinational Corporations(MNCs). Other group of actors in International relations are Multinational companies. They are companies whose a ims is to make profit and their business interests transcend across more than one state. Most times, these Multinational Enterprises do command vast amounts of resources that rival, and even surpass, the resources of smaller states.Examples of MNEs include Dangote Group, Epson, Facebook, GlaxoSmithKline, coding DNA Mobil, etc.It is however strategic to argument that these interests of Multinational Enterprises do not necessarily correspond with or favor the interests of the states in which they operate, or even with their home state where the Multinational Enterprises was formed and their headquarter situated. For example, an MNE may be strange to trade sanctions on another state, even if its home state wants the sanctions to avenge bad behavior, because the sanctions are bad for its business. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are companies that have headquarter in one state but invest and operate extensively in other states.MNCs are based in one state but have branches or subsi diaries in operation(p) in other states. In other words, MNC is a large corporation operating on a worldwide basis in many countries at the same time, with fixed facilities and employees in each.The types of MNCs areIndustrial corporationsmakes goods in agenties in many countries and sell them to business and consumers in various countries. The largest MNCs are automobile, oil, and electronic industries. Almost all the MNCS are based in the G7 states. Examples of this MNCs are Sony, Honda, Toyota, Petronas and more.Financial corporationssuch as banks, they operate multi nationally with more restrictions than industrial corporations. Examples areOversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and others. runSuch as McDonalds fast-food chain, international airlines like MAS, Asiana Airlines and more, Hilton Hotels Resorts and many others.Multinational Corporations are becoming more powerful as independent actors. A great number of the industrial MNCs have annual turn over g ross revenue of one million millions of dollars. MNCs are most times able to match with most international organizations in terms of size and financial resources. The largest IGO (UN) has about 2 billion dollars a year in revenue, compare to more than 250 billion dollars for the largest MNC. The largest state (United States) has government revenues of 2 trillion dollars. Therefore, this shows that the power of MNCs does not rival the largest states but exceeds many poorer states and many IOs.10Multinational Corporations are viewed as citizens of a world beholden to no government11. They act internationally in the interests of their (international) shareholders and do owe no form loyalty to no state. They have the motivation maximise profits. MNCs operations support a global business infrastructure weding a transnational community of businesspeople.MNCs also contribute to their host countrys development. As MNCs operate in other states, it will provide job opportunities for the l ocals in that state and thus, helped to stabilize the economy in that state.12In determining if States are still the most important players in International politics, it is important to examine theories cerebrate to this argument1. Realism Realism portrays the political system of the world as an anarchic struggle for power and security among competing states. Per realism, there is at all no higher authority than that of the states. Due to this, states in alliance with other states or individually, make provision for their own defence. Power therefore is the only means of achieving security. Security also follows from the willingness to act prevent any state from achieving a preeminent and threatening position in International politics.2. footism this school of thought view International politics as organized in line with capitalist imperatives. International relations are structured, conceptualised and dominated by the unequal relationship between the developed and developing worl ds. Therefore, a Radical systematic change is important to achieve security on a global platform, security here is understood as a ingredient of the satisfaction of basic needs for the population of the world irrespective of their national identity.3. Liberal Internationalism The liberal Nationalist view suggests that there are certain reasons to believe that the dominant identity of states might be weakening. International institutions, international law, International trade and international commerce have all contributed tremendously to the developing global community. So therefore, we should describe the world not just in terms of state interaction only but also in terms of an increasing community.why states are no loger the key actorsPer the traditional perspective, states play the major role in international Politics but after the World War, communications technology has been on the rise, international division of labor and the expansion of global trade, a great number of inte rnational organizations have also baseed. The international scene has changed due to the forces of globalization. It is now of importance that states communicate with one other, which influence international political, economic, troops and culture to a great degree. The increasing number of these organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of political, economic, war machine and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states. These kinds of non-state actors challenge the state- centric perception. There are two prevailing theories about the role of the state in international relations. Neorealism emphasizes the state plays the most important role in international arena. On one hand, the state possesses sovereign power to insure domestic help security. On the other hand, neorealism also stresses the state influence economy in international relations. Neoliberalism not only indicates that the state is the main behavior bole in international system, but als o affirms the role of non-states, such as international organization, transnational organizations and other kinds of social organizations. As a spin-off of intensified globalization process, these kinds of organizations have become more significant determinants of unlike policies of the state.By looking at globalization, the proliferation of non-state actors is gaining international influence and position. Non-state actors can be divided into international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and transnational or international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). International intergovernmental organizations are created by states. They have official document of government agencies. On the contrary, transnational or international non-governmental organizations are established not by the state, but by some group of businessmen, individuals and other societal units. They have no legal connection with the state, so they are genuinely transnational. But the state can restrain the a ctivities of these kinds of organizations.There are several powerful organizations such as the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations. Though these organizations own strong power in the international relations, they are entire operate by states.Along with the intensification of globalization the growth of so many kinds of non-state actors is bound to influence the status of the state in international relations. But they cannot substitute for the state. The state is still the most important actor in international relations.The role of the state in the international economy, politics and climateThe question of whether the advent of Globalization can lead to extinction of State importance in the International hemisphere would be examined. Cristopher Clapham believes that the globalization is at the core of human existence such that it can be found in every sphere of importance such as the economy, politics and climate13The influence on glo balization on the economy from State level to the world stage cannot be overemphasised but the State still has legitimate power on certain levels. If a company is to establish its organization in a State, t is under the jurisdiction of that State. The state wield the authority to allow, suspend or close down any operating company within its territory. This point tends to the State the most important actor in international politics as it has the right to qualify the scope of a companys operations.States are the components of International politics and it(international politics) is significant in fostering international cooperation, conducting business and ensuring world peace among States.The peace of the world is of grave importance in international politics. The world peace is not attainable by just a state. This goal of peace is only brought out by the endeavour of the whole world. International organizations are make great deal of efforts to prevent any form of chaos that can b e caused by war, but still the mantle rests on the shoulders of the state to play the major role in international Politics. Global calefacient is another issue gradually become a significant in the world due to climate globalization. The negative effects of global melt could have adverse effects on the climate such as the rising of sea levels which affects the world as a whole. States have interpreted it upon themselves to eradicate this problem by drafting policies. An example of an international pact called the Kyoto Protocol has been formulated to ensure States take actions necessary to cut down pollution and prevent greenhouse effect. It is worthy to note that such policies can only to drafted by Stats and International organizations can only support them in actualising these goals. This further proves the importance of states in the international hemisphere.After reviewing the more normal treatment of actors in assorted theoretical perspectives, and if non-state actors are a factor to be reckoned with in the study of world politics, it is important to conceptualize these types of actors.Non-State Actors are most times seen as very having little influence on world politics especially from the perspectives of the realist and other state centric, according to them, it is preponderantly states that retain power in international relations but this boldness has been faulted because when realism and liberalism were developed as consistent theories, the influence of non-state actors was indeed very limited and close to non-existence hour gear, by focusing on the state as main actors, state-centric theories overlook the importance of corroborative influence of Non State actor.Watzlawick, Weakland Fisch (dentify two types of changeFirst order change describes the change within a system, whilst second order change is the change of the system itself, therefore could be considered as meta-change. Although Watzla wicket al. Were concerned with change on the p sychological level of human interaction, they note that their concept of change is also applicable to a wide variety of systems. In the system of international politics, prime(prenominal) order change is a change that is part of the system and the political structure actors engage in, and thus plays a part retaining the current political structure.Second order change however will lead to a square change of the political structure and the way that political actors interact. However, it is necessary to note that an actor may affect international relations, even though it is not in the way desired by the actor itself. This would be the case if the action of an actor is met with fierce resistance, which would consequentially change the system in a way not desired by the original actor.NSAs have been defined as actors that do not represent the states, but act on an international level. They include Intergovernmental organisations), transnational corporations, non-governmental organisat ions, epistemic communities (i.e. Networks of scientists and experts and others which include criminal and terrorist organisations. With regard to the first group, IGOs, there is a disparity whether they can be considered as real NSA, because they are set up and controlled by governments of nation states it is necessary to consider the influence exerted by NSAs on a multi-level basis. For example, a NSA may try to influence international l politics by lobbying on the domestic level of a state or in international organisations. TNCs are international corporations with offices and products in different countries. Multi-National Companies can form a huge influence on local laws. An example of this is the US-based TNC Texaco, whilst operating in Ecuador, was technically immune to human rights claims. The company dumped toxic overplus in the Amazon region.In realism theory, it is assumed that a sovereign country-in this case Ecuador-has to ensure that human rights are enforced, and has the power to do so .Hence ,TNCs only indirectly banknoteable for human rights obligation s through government regulation .But due to the importance of foreign investment ,particularly for developing countries ,particularly developing countries cannot follow their obligations (Texaco ,with global earning s four times the size of Ecuadors GDP ,was able to operate as a state unto itself admittedly ,it could be argued that Texaco acted as a pro -longed arm of the United States There have been cases where Multinational companies have been able to exercise significant influence over their home countries .As demonstrated, TNCs show a high capacity for first order change ,although often indirectly by using governments and international organisation . There is a considerable structural dependence of states on Multi National Companies, which will make policy makers take business interests into account when drafting legislation without being pressured. However, it is difficult to account fo r such indirect powers without political activity, because they are not trace able. NGOs are non-profit, non-violent organisations that are not set up by the government and are not laborious to get hold of power. Examples are the French civil rights group La Quadraturedu Net, Amnesty International and the role of foreign NGOs involved in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution will be investigated. La Quadrature is a civil right s organisation that lobbies for net neutrality on European level. It takes position for ne t neutrality and against copyright extension and software patents and is supported by the American Electronic Frontier Foundation In their recent campaign against the three strikes approach, proposed under the French EU presidency, La Quadrature was quite successful in achieving their goals. Most of the amendments they lobbied against were rejected and some of their own proposals put into place instead. Within the framework of intergovernmental organisations, this capacity g ives it greater power than any single government (Willets 1982, p24, ascitedin Arts2003, p7). Thus, after an extensive campaign against torture, Amnesty International co-drafted the anti-torture convention Again, one might question the relevance of Amnesty sanctions. However, Arts (2003) notes that there salting treaty we profound change in the underlying principle of the international community and affected states sovereignty states could no longer refer to human rights abuses as internal matters. American NGOs encouraging the Ukrainian democracy movements have often been criticised for taking sides to increase US influence over the Ukraine. But Wilson (2006) notes that oppositional NGOs were not overly advantaged by westerly funds, although support for governmental initiatives was cutback in consequence of a lack of co-operation by the Ukrainian government .Even so, pre-revolutionary backing for the government Russia was significantly higher than overall Western funds(Wilson2006 ).Instead ,oppositional NGOs used their money much more effectively and Western-funded get away polls proved an important tool in preventing voting put-on (Wilson2006).The resulting regime change affected Ukrainian-Russian relations drastically and it has been suggested that it is partly responsible for quarrels over gas prices that affected EU gas deliveriesinwinter2008(Wilson2006,Willershausen 2008). Ithancommercialones(Buse2001). But grooming such NSAs into international agreements banning land mines presents severe complications to international politics. legion(predicate) NSAs are not willing to sign a ban, whereas some states turn down to join the ban, because hostile NSAs are still using land mines. Additionally, monitor is difficult. Military NSAs are not bound to law of the state the operate in, precisely because this state cannot retain control. (Buse2001) Therefore, Buse(2001) stresses the importance of Recognising the relevance of NSAs in international politics indi vidually, NGOs tend to operate on small single-issues, and have much less competencies compared to governments. The sheer number of NGOs still makes the man important actor on the international scene, maybe not individually but as a whole(Arts2003).However ,as demonstrated ,NGOs are not only clear of first order change ,but in the case of Amnesty ,also second order change, by changing the structure of state interaction Terrorist and military guerilla groups affect international politics in a different way .Thus ,in disintegrating states ,some NSAs are the de-facto government(Buse2001,Cusimano-Love2002).This does not only poses severe problems for the local population but also complicates the political interaction on an international level. match to Buse (2001) land mines pose a major problem as they contaminate land even years after wars, and because se lf-produced land mine soft en used by military NSAs are even more dangerous Particularly after the nipping war and within creasi ng globalisation, NSAs were able to fill gaps left by declining state influence over political, social and economic conditions (Cusimano-Love2002,Jochnick1999). NSAs benefited drastically from increasing globalisation. The increasing importance of international media and Internet has given NGOs a platform to connect with other NGOs and raise support and awareness for the issues they stand for .Additionally ,human rights groups have been given important tasks in securing the survival of people in humanitarian crises (

Moral and Ethical Values in Engineering Industry

Moral and ethical value in get uping IndustryMORAL ETHICAL VALUES IN AN INDUSTRY AS AN ENGINEERThere atomic number 18 threesome main Moral Ethical values in an industry, which an technologist is ever so obliged to obey, these values non plainly helps the industry but also benefits equally an Engineers personal gain. These three main points areProfessional DutiesEthical ValuesHuman ValuesAn Engineers good conduct (as captured in professional codes of conduct) toward other steers, toward employers, toward clients, and toward the public is an essential part of the life of a professional conduct while be in the industry.As professionals, heads need to internalize their codes and to realize that they have a personal stake in the application of codes as well as the process of developing the codesAs professionals, engineers should try their best to solve any problem. i.e. If a problem situation is related to other engineer survey, an engineer should know at least the know-h ow to solve that problem.Engineers should always admiration their field rules as per their fields literature.In industry, an Engineer is responsible to think nearly the interaction of technology and society, because engineers are the ones who create all of technology.In industry, the substitution focus of an engineers profession must be on the application of scientific knowledge and creative thinking to meet societal needs.Engineers must perplex both the industry name and his profession to the equal level so that there will not be any defaming situation created in any of both cases.In an industry, the purpose of the scientist is to know things, while that of the engineer is to perform on things and invent. The scientist enhances to the stock of confirmed, organized information of the corporal region while an engineer fetches this information to stand on real-world problems.In an industry, an engineer is not allowed to choose the problem that comforts him he must unthaw problem s as they arise.A solution to the given problem by an engineer in an industry must be reliable, cheap and most significantly safe.An engineer should sustainment paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public.An engineer should always avoid any type deceiving acts.An engineer should do amenities only in the zones of their capability.Engineers should shoulder projects lonely when qualified by schooling or knowledge in the precise technical fields involved.As a professional engineer, he must turn for each employer or guest as faithful agents or representatives.Engineers must conduct themselves righteously, dutifully, morally, and legally so as to improve the integrity, standing, and practicality of the occupation.Engineers should support only those engineering forms that are in conformism with appropriate standards.Engineers may show openly practical thoughts that are established upon facts and competency in the topic matter.Engineers should not assist or support the illegal exercise of engineering by an individual or firm.Time is money-that well-known proverb must be every engineers precedence working in an industry.An engineer should have human moral sense (skills in knowing moral glitches in engineering)Forceful moral perceptive (understanding, measuring dissimilar assimilates)An engineer should always keep in the view about the effects on the human health caused due to the industries.An engineer should pay his complete attention to his work especially when working on forums related to human moral values.An engineer must use moral message, to show and upkeep ones technical opinions to others.Moral sensibleness i.e., eager and talented to be ethically technically responsible for human lives.An engineer must respect for people, which shows apprehension for the well-being of humankind.While proposing an idea to an industry, an engineer must keep in mind that his/her project is eco-friendly, that in turn is ultimately effective for the mankind.An e ngineer must keep moral confidence i.e., trust in using lucid discussion for undertaking ethical engagements.Honesty, which incomes moral truthfulness, and acquire ones proficient life and individual beliefs.

US Attitudes to Mental Illness

US Attitudes to Mental IllnessMental wellness is one of the primary issues that substantive open deliberation has not been machine-accessible to defecate a decisive concession to what really should be finished. defamation alludes to the incomplete treatment of individuals because of their conditions. It essentially alludes to the segregation of people on calculate of different reasons or angles which might possibly be supported. Mental reprehension is one territory which it truly has not been sure about the social ramifications and to the casualties. This is the liaison that a great many people would say that they ar supported to discriminate people who need discernment in their subjective procedures. Regardless of whether this verbal confrontation holds, the way that it is ethically and legitimately expect that one treats a man with balance in spite of their status, individualism or whatever other components makes the open deliberation on defended legal separation invalid and void,.There has been a broadly adequate civil personal credit line in the United States that as more collection of information is created the intelligence of dysfunctional demeanor continues moving. There has been a documentation of the 1980s inclusion body of the mental instabilities which was predominantly in light of manifestations, for example, anorexia and different indications that have been dependably connected with mental psychopathy. The suggestion was that information was mostly utilized as a carve up of comprehension the dysfunctional behaviors and this was subsequently of the learning that was beingness advanced by researchers.This information however should be comprehended relying upon the part it played in having the scattering of this psychopathic learning to whatever trunk of the world. To put it plainly, there was a westernized comprehension of dysfunctional behaviors and a blanket(a) range of maladjustment was seen and translated relying upon the west ern way. There has been one contention that the common race have kept on missing all through. This is the part of the everyday domain in comprehension mental health. There has been level headed backchat that has demonstrated individuals keep on missing out on the social desires of mental health and other related considers this maladjustment face off regarding. This is on account of culture has been predictable in deciding mental health. The general populations perspectives, elucidations and desires are what are critical in having an unmistakable comprehension on psychopathology (Ryan, 2010).At that point the present circumstances have everything however moved in having the level headed discussion on dysfunctional behavior put into viewpoint. For example, what is the suggestion when a school youngster goes on a murdering spree because of issues, for example, terrible child rearing among different cases that the general public has constantly sustained? Fear based oppression is one of the principle calculates that have been reliably been connected with mental instabilities. This is one of the fundamental substitutes that have been faulted consistently for the condition.The other element is that the American culture has been reliably psychoneurotic over the open deliberation on psychological well-being with the greater part the general public having revealed that they have encountered maybe a partner off types of mental well-being. Researchers have deciphered this as fear and it remains a matter of question on whether this will bring about a state of acknowledgment or more vilification of the populace.The conclusion on this verbal confrontation is that the societal desires have kept on outweighing science in deciphering the mental level headed discussion in US and this is the thing that has been the fundamental calculate driving the move.ReferencesWatters, E. (2010, January 09). The Americanization of Mental Illness. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from htt p//www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10psyche-t.html Ryan, P. (2010). Editorial. The P. (n.d.). diary of Mental Health Training, Education Practice., 5(4), 2-3.

The availability of International Business opportunities in Uzbekistan

The availability of world-wide business enterprise opportunities in Uzbekistan impertinent traffic is exchange of matures, services and upper moorage across the borders of contrary nations. No expanse in the world has every the instinctive resources present in sufficient quantity to sustain never-ending development. So the countries trade with each differentwise by exporting those goods or products which they have in abundance while importing those which they argon subscript in. foreign trade tends to be gener eachy more costlier than domestic as most countries imposes additional tariffs or duties on the goods travelling through their borders. transnational trade between two countries comprises both the trade between 2 companies present in different nation and trade between the political science of a surface area and the business inviolable present in other country.The main objective of this audit is to analyze the availability of International Business opportun ities present in the Uzbekistan. The report starts with examining the countrys attitude to transnational trade. Then a brief analysis of the countrys Cultural, Political and Economic surroundingss is through with(p). After that the countrys business surroundings is analysed using some of the proposed theories of international trade and besides Porters adamant puzzle of national competitiveness. Fin every(prenominal)y recommendations based on the above analysis atomic number 18 offered.An Overview of UzbekistanUzbekistan or Republic of Uzbekistan (Ozbekiston Respublikasi) is a country which is part of Central Asia having largest creation within the region. Uzbekistan became an independent state on September 1, 1991, from former Soviet Union. Uzbekistan elected Islom Karimov as its president who continues his office till date. Uzbekistan is a trim back locked country surrounded by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.Uzbekistan Essential FactsG e verywherenmentRepublic prideful Presidential RuleCapitalcapital of UzbekGeographic Area447,400 sq kmPopulation27,865,738Literacy Rate99.3%Labour DivisionAgriculture 44%, fabrication 20%, Services 36%BudgetRevenue 10.54 meg, Expenditure 10.48 Billion (2009 estimates)GDP (GDP Growth)$77.55 Billion (6.7%)GDP Per Capita$2,800Inflation14.1%IndustriesTextiles, Food Processing, Machine Building, Metallurgy, Gold, Petroleum, inwrought Gas, Chemicals antecedent CIA cosmos Fact Book (https//www.cia.gov/ program library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html)Uzbekistan attitude to International TradeUzbekistan joined United Nations in 1992 as fully matured member and coope runs with 8 UN agencies including The World Bank which supports Uzbekistan in its national domesticise efforts (United Nations, n.d.). Currently Uzbekistan has foreign diplomatic relations with about 124 countries of the world (Ministry of abroad Affairs Uzbekistan, n.d.).Uzbekistan has membership in numerous, more than 33, International establishments including Asian teaching Bank (ADB), Commonwealth of Independent acress (CIS), International Finance Corporation, International monetary Fund, Islamic Development Bank, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and World Trade Organization (observer status) (Library of Congress, 2007). The main purpose of these organizations is to levy and facilitate international trade among unhomogeneous countries.Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries atomic number 18 the biggest trade partners of Uzbekistan. Russian secures first charge as foreign trade partner of Uzbekistan. Other countries uniform Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan and so forth are also heavy trade partners.Uzbekistan has very active trade relations with European Union. Bilateral trade between Germany and Uzbekistan amounted to 470 million USD in 2008. France, UK and Spain are other major trade partners (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Uzbekistan, n.d.). course 1 Major Trad e Partners of Uzbekistan (2009)Source http//www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_6613529.pdfBusiness Environment of Uzbekistan stopping point of UzbekistanFigure 2 Ethnic Group CompositionSource https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.htmlFigure 3 Major ReligionsSource https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.htmlFigure 4 Spoken LanguagesSource https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.htmlUzbekistan since ancient time was the home of Arab Muslims and Turks. And thusly in Mid-Nineteenth century, Russia seeing the regions potential captured Uzbekistan. That is why on that point are traces of Russian language and ethnicity can be found in the country henpecked by Uzbeks. Islam being the major religion (about 88%) the culture of country is bit conservative. For both Men and Women conservative business suits are evaluate, occasional(a) clothes give care jeans, t-shirts etc are considered inappropriate. While greetin g someone it is special K for handshake between same sexes but simple hello is done between opposite sex. During a meeting it is important to go and speak to the most important person in the room first. These local usance must be observed in order to forge good business relationship in the country (Culture Crossings, n.d.).Political Civil Environment of UzbekistanWhen Soviet Union broke in 1991, Uzbekistan gained its independence and appointed Islom Karimov as the Presidential head (Angus Reid Public Opinion, 2008). Since then Karimov have led an oppressive rule by extending his term of office in 2000 and 2007 in a series of democratic election that has come into fierce criticism from the international community (Harding, 2007). Next elections are scheduled to be held in 2014.In virtually all international political and civil parameters Uzbekistan has shown downward trends indicating its declivity of the situation overtime.Figure 5 Uzbekistan Political Indicators.Source Autho rUzbekistan also has highly high level of corruption. According to recent Transparency Internationals rottenness Perception major force-out (CPI), Uzbekistan ranks among the bottom of the 180 countries at rank 174. It has extremely poor confidence range of 1.5 1.8 (Transperency International, 2009).Figure 6 CPI Index 2009Source http//www. enhancer.org/ polity_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009Due to this firms a great deal have to pay on the loose(p) payments (bribes) to disposal to get the things done. About 67% percent of the firms are expected to make these payments to get things done (Enterprise Surveys, 2009).Figure 7 Informal Payments StatisticsSource http//www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/CountryNotes/Uzbekistan_09.pdfEconomic Structure of UzbekistanUzbekistan when it got freedom had relatively slow economic evolution rank for first 12 age. Uzbekistan GDP, between 1994 to 2003, grew at average identify of 3.9% per year. But from 2005 onwards the country witness ed average fruit of 8.2% (Asian Development Bank, 2010). Although the prescribed data is doubtful as it probably overstates the level of economic growth. The U.S. subdivision of State Background Note for Uzbekistan states that many observers believe that employment growth and real wage growth have been stagnant (U.S. Department of State Background Notes, 2009). The poverty is quite prevalent in the country with 76.7% of cosmos living below $2 a day (United Nations Development Programme, 2009).Although regimen is taking some positive steps to ramp up the economy. Policies like Anti-Crisis Program for 2009-2012 that government adopted in 2008 to combat the global street corner had quite beneficial impact on Uzbekistan economy. Part of the policy was to promote foreign investment, for which government established free industrial economic zones in 2008, which provided foreign investors with tax and custom preferential facilities. Due to this government was competent to tie up w ith 37 foreign investors for $500 million investment. This resulted in huge increase of 80% in foreign investment in 2009. Uzbekistan also observed very high import growth rate of 25.8% in 2009, mainly in infrastructure development, indicates governments acceptance to allow foreign investment in the country (Asian Development Bank, 2010).Figure 8 Uzbekistan outcome/Export IndicatorsSource http//www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2010/UZB.pdfPetroleum, Gold, intrinsic Gas and cotton plant are the main 4 exports products of the Uzbekistan. According to the IMF estimations, energy products (Petroleum and Natural Gas) comprised about 26.3% of fare exports in 2008 followed by gold at 15.7% and cotton at 13.1% (International fiscal Fund, 2008).International Trade of UzbekistanInternational Trade Theory Framework is all about analysing from a countrys perspective about with whom they should trade and what products to trade. According to Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2010), there are five theories which try to explain a countrys advantage in International Trade.Figure 9 Theories of International TradeThe advantage in international trade of Uzbekistan will be explained using two theories Natural Advantage and divisor Proportion Theory.Natural Advantage in case of UzbekistanAccording to this theory a country produces those goods in which it has some natural advantage by way of its climate, people, resources etc.Uzbekistan has substantial advantage over most of the countries in the world in production of cotton payable to favourable climatic conditions and availability of low cost labour. Climate in Uzbekistan is generally hot which is suitable for cotton growth. Hence Uzbekistan is the worlds 6th largest Cotton producer and 3rd largest Cotton exporter (National Cotton Council of America, 2010).Figure 10 World Cotton Export Rankings (2009)Source AuthorAlso the country has superabundant energy resources. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of Natural bo llix up. Natural gas production was 2,387 billion cubic feet in 2008 ranking it at quaternaryteenth place in the world. Out of this Uzbekistan exported about 22.20%, i.e. 530 bcf of natural gas (US capacity Information Administration, 2010).Factor Proportion TheoryAccording to this theory different countries have different level of endowment of land, labour and majuscule. And the factor which is in more abundance will have lower costs than other factors. So the country tends to take advantage of this in the international trade by exporting those products that utilize the abundant factor and importing products that requires usage of deficient factor.Uzbekistan has the advantage of low cost and skilled labour. It also has relatively low land. The country has very high literacy rate of 99.3% in 2003. in that location is lack of substantial capital or high level engineering science present in the country. Therefore Uzbekistans export mainly comprises of agricultural products, mine natural resources, services or low tech industrial products like chemical, plastic etc.Figure 11 Percentage Distribution of sum ExportsSource http//www.statistics.uz/data_finder/128/On the other hand the country is severely lack in the modern infrastructure and necessary technology or capital required to develop it. Therefore the bulk of its import, almost 50% comprised mainly of machinery and equipments.Figure 12 Percentage Distribution of Total ImportsSource http//www.statistics.uz/data_finder/128/Porters infield of National CompetitivenessFigure 13 Extended Porters Diamond stumper of National CompetitivenessSource Porter (1990)Michael Porter introduced a diamond shaped model to analyze the areas of strength or weakness that gives a country a competitive advantage or disadvantage. This model includes four interconnected key elementsFigure 14 Key elements of Porters DiamondFactor ConditionsUzbekistan has inconsistent infrastructure development. Main roads in the capital Tashke nt and other major cities are relatively maintained outside the cities their conditions are poor. Suppliers have trouble in transporting goods from one place to another. The country has encompassing rails network but hardly 17% is electrified. Although government deep announced big plans to improve both its national highway and rail network. Literacy in the country is very high at 99.3% for 15 years and up. The country also has abundant energy resources. The country is able to almost meet its coal requirement and produces enough natural gas that it manages to export 22% of it.Firm Strategy or RivalryAlmost all the Industrial firms in the Uzbekistan are government have and as much(prenominal) there is little to no competition among them. There are only few industries like energy, gold, foodstuff etc. present in the country which have some foreign investment. Most foreign investing companies are only allowed to invest by creating joint venture with state owned company in which th e government owns majority stakes.Related and Supporting Industries nonpareil of the most important supporting industry to establish a firm is financial sector which is seriously underdeveloped in Uzbekistan. It is dominated by state-owned banks and lacks competition. The government banks give loans to state owned companies at subsidized rate and for all else the interest rate is very high. Due to this mystical investors rarely take loans from local credit market.The whole country has access to electricity but the infrastructure is quite old and need modernizations. And as such(prenominal) there are frequent power outages.Demand ConditionsDue to far-flung poverty of 76.7% there is not much demand of products apart from raw material need like food, clothes, energy needs etc. And in these rudimentary need the country is self-sufficient hence demand never exceeds supply. The government of Uzbekistan is the major importer of goods and services. Most of the imports comprises of equi pments in energy, telecommunication and Information Technology hardware and software.Role of GovernmentThe government did not liberalise the economy sufficiently enough since freedom. It owns all major companies, strictly regulates foreign trade and follows the policy of import substitution. Monopolistic environment created by state-owned companies stifle the development of secluded sector.Recommendations for UzbekistanThe following are the recommendations the Uzbekistan government should implement for sustained growth of the countryImproving Business Climate Government should stop pursuing the policy of import substitution and make it easier for foreign investment to invest in the country.Sustaining Macroeconomic Stability Need improved macroeconomic policies to control inflation, carry off restrictions on currency conversion, better regulation of financial sector would answer in maintaining high economic growth rates.Boosting Agriculture Productivity ruin agricultural reforms , abolition of state dictated crop production, more power to farmers and investment in modern machinery would raise per capita income and reduce poverty.Improve answerableness and Transparency The country ranks very poor in Transparency International Index at 174 of 180 nations. Corruption is rampant and Firms are frequently subjected to pay bribes. The government must put efforts in improving transparency for the firms to have any confidence in doing business in the country. advocate Open Competition Government should end the policy of controlling all industries and creating monopolistic environment. Government should allow free control of industries by private sector. This will create more competition, promote innovation and would improve overall efficiency of the industries and boost economy.

Roles Played By Reason And Imagination In Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Roles vie By occasion And Imagination In Knowledge Philosophy endeavorThe role played by imagination was insignifi give noticet in the deed of knowledge due to its confusing and tentative nature and that wise sight was the sources of much knowledge taked Sir Francis Bacon, a deterministic, Renaissance keen-sightedist.CITATION TIM62 l 1033The Critique of gross(a) Reason contrasts this view, stating that both antecedent and imagination are necessary for acquiring knowledge.CITATION TIM62 l 1033However, to what extent can Bacons views on land and imagination be scarceified? This essay will examine such(prenominal) a creation through the exploration of the four modalitys of versed (perception, terminology, emotion and understanding) as well as two areas of knowledge, which will be accounting and the internal experiences.The Critique of Pure Reason is written by Immanuel Kant, a theorist. He mostly concerned himself with the metaphysical world, a reality ground on abs tract and empirical concepts. The proposition of this root is bizarre coming from a man who lived in the senesce of Reason when being intellectual was considered the last-ditch and most accurate way of knowing.Reason is defined as the solve of thinking and gaining knowledge through manipulation, integration and evaluation of facts and ideas, it can be either deductive debate (from the general to the particular) or inductive terra firmaing (from the particular to general principles)CITATION TIM62 l 1033. Whereas imagination is defined as the force play of reproducing images stored in the memory under the suggestion of associated images or of recombining former experiences to shit new imagesCITATION TIM62 l 1033Using the above definitions, incorporating the four ways of knowing and the two areas of knowledge to address the knowledge issue are the roles of lawsuit and imagination necessary to gain capable knowledge in the areas of the inherent sciences and biography?First ly, the definition of adequate is to be provided. According to the Encarta English Dictionary, adequate is defined as sufficient in quality or meter to meet a need or qualify for something. It has been accepted that achieving sheer(a) truth is virtually impossible, thus the knowledge issue is worded in a manner to account for this.History is defined as the study of the noncurrentCITATION TIM62 l 1033by Richard van de Lagemaat and by Britannica Encyclopedia as the battleground that studies the chronological record of unconstipatedts (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an accounting of their causesCITATION TIM62 l 1033 it is essentially a study of human behavior. In schools, chronicle falls under the humanities subject department or in the literary humanities, yet, in that location are some who contest this idea and believe it should be considered to a greater extent a inbred science than a literary ar t or humanities subject. The writing language of written history incorporates an emotional aspect. This can be justified by the means of identifying the roles of cerebrate and imagination in history. Due to its definition supplied by Britannica, history requires reason, and because the language use to define the subject, history is made to seem as though it is mimicking a scientific doctrine. A scientific doctrine is defined as the results of an experiment must be both one by one verifiable and independently reproducible.CITATION TIM62 l 1033From this definition, however, it presents a counter argument. It suggest that history cannot be a considered a natural science due to its non-experimental nature one cannot spew or change the past, lonesome(prenominal) analyze and learn from it. It is subjective and owns a subcategory of historiography which is the critical response to an in-depth analysis of sources, transforming them into narratives to justify events, why they happened t he way they did and explaining the creative thinker behind the decisions made.CITATION TIM62 l 1033Scientists argue that the perspective of a historian is adjusted, predetermined before he starts his work as he will only look for sources and information to prove his hypothesis.CITATION TIM62 l 1033Nonetheless, with only reason, history would dwell incomplete. Elements of historiography are more imaginative than historians prefer to let on there are gaps in the information. on that point is no possibility that ever champion second of history will ever be recorded, and only as of recent, we look at managed to become very close to this aspiration with the invention of things such as the internet and world news as it happens, making the written text of history easier but much more open to interpretation. This involves imagination, rather than reason. Reason does not allow for outside-of-the-box public opinion conventions, traditionally and imagination is required to fleck in c oncert the delicate puzzle in a poetic and valid way. History is also plagued with the idea of hindsight bias. These are tendencies to believe, after learning of an outcome, that one could have foreseen it.CITATION TIM62 l 1033Hindsight bias can be considered to have rational elements, but also consists of fallacies like cognitive bias. This, according to Wikipedia, is a pattern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations.CITATION TIM62 l 1033History, or at least accurate history, is not produced by mere imagination, devotions and poetic utterances, if it were just art a writer could compose a building block new reality than what really happened outside his own imagination. Historians have archaeology to draw from. They have primary documents that tell them what people were declaring. They cannot verify the way scientists can, but they can be empirical. It can be deduced that history is a science. There may indeed be scientific elements in judge a military situ ationCITATION TIM62 l 1033 nevertheless, there are an bear on number of factors that precisely cannot be scientifically quantified. In order for history to be as actuate as possible, both imagination and reason play key roles in acquiring knowledge. The role of imagination in history is that with which one can understand the events that transpire around a particular situation. Reason plays a role in establishing what the event is. Without the imagination, reason is only a few written words with the imagination, reason becomes more powerful and substantiating.Natural sciences are recognized as a prototype for knowledge owing to many factors, prime among which is their capacity to explain and come to precise predictions.CITATION TIM62 l 1033Natural sciences are often known as hard sciences, consisting of biology, chemistry and physics. They are often considered to be solely rational subjects that defy religion and question the world we live in, believed to give automatic proof of intellectual superiority because of its empirical data and facts and use of rational thinking, devoid of emotion and laden with precise and concise language. The idea of natural sciences as a literary art is or so unheard of. This idea follows Bacons school of thought. Alternatively, in the spirit of Kants school of thought, it can also be considered a capacity for imaginative thinking. Most scientific laws and theories known like a shot can be considered to have started with a creative endeavor, beginning with thought and imagination even though it is scientifically based.CITATION TIM62 l 1033The thought that reason is the purest and truest way of attaining knowledge, an idea from the 17th century Renaissance, known as the Age of Reason, is slowly becoming contradicted. For example, the now respected idea that a high school IQ is not a reliable sign of giftedness may simply indicate convergent thinking. Truly creative children are said to have divergent thinking that tend to fin d IQ tests boring and do not readily accept the expert answer as the right one. A Chicago team devised various tests to spot divergent thinkers, testing 95 school boys. The test asked students to make up alternate endings for fables, instead of simply picking the right answers, and to write stories suggested by stimuli such as pictures which supply many different uses for everyday objects. Surprisingly, the top scores came from those specializing in history and English literature. The least creative, according to Hudsons findings, were the natural science students. youngish scientists, says Hudson, tend to be less intellectually flexible than young arts specialists and more restricted emotionally.CITATION The08 l 1033In natural science, imagination is essential in order to correctly interpret data and create get ahead possibilities for experimentation, although reason is used to ascertain whether or not ones findings and ones methods are realistic. There is little to suggest t hat the artists view point of science is more than just a thought or crazy theory, but it is evidently great for the scientist to view the world from an imaginative perpective. The idea of natural science as an art has only been seen in science fiction literatures, however, the language used in these works are generally emotionally laden even though they give the perception of being scientifically concise. Even though it has the word science in it, and presents logically plausible notions (in some cases), science fiction is often associated with imagination and fantasy rather than reason and logic.Overall, it can be concluded that neither imagination nor reason are regnant aspects of history or natural science, but are necessary together in creating tangibility and some degree of certainty in attaining knowledge. some(prenominal) of them create counterparts for each some other making them unable to logically last alone. It can be argued that Bacons views on reason and imaginati on are passably unjustified as the roles of both are necessary to gain adequate knowledge and understanding in the natural sciences and history, as without one, the other becomes nearly useless it supports Kants thesis, The Critique of Pure Reason. It is clear that Bacon failed to see the necessity of be thoughts to create an ideological notion, integrating both aspects of acquiring knowledge for reason and imagination are highly dependent on each other for support.Word count 1,602

Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Maya Angelou as a Caged Bird The graduation pic from I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings illustrates how, living in the center of racism and unequal access to opportunity, Maya Angelou was suitable to surmount the obstacles that stood in her panache of intellectual develop and find higher ground. One of the largest factors responsible for Angelous academician success was her dedication to and capacity for severely work, My work alone has awarded me a top place...No absences, no tardinesses, and my academic work was among the best of the year (Angelou 13-14). Angelou worked hard and read a great deal in order to be able to perform on such a level, in cattiness of the fact that she had much less access (or none) to the quality of teachers, school surroundings and other resources available to whites because of her color. Another way Angelou surmounted the disadvantages of being raw in a racist white controlled school district was to peck her brother as a percentage model. She i s proud that she can itemise the preamble to the Constitution faster than Bailey, she is proud he will go across her graduate at the top of her class, and he provides her with literature which fuels her desire to read. Maya to a fault used other students in her class who were intelligent as role models and a measure stick of her declare performance. She admires the class valedictorian, Henry Reed, because he has been her most ch all(prenominal)enging academic competition among her peers. However, another reason Angelou is able to overcome obstacles and reach higher ground is that she is not jealous or mean-spirited about academically competing with others. Instead, she is happy that others are developing towards higher ground. As she says about Henry, I had admired him for years because e... ...race (Angelou 21). Angelou knows she would let down all those who have struggled and given her encouragement if she did not rise above the limitations of her own time and place. WORK CITE D Angelou, M. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. In Eastman, A. M. The Norton Anthology of Expository Prose. (3rd edit.) W.W. Norton & Co., NY 1973. The student may wish to begin the paper with the pursuit quote I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings liberates the reader into smell simply because Maya Angelou confronts her own life with such moving wonder, such a luminous dignity. I have no words for this achievement, but I know that not since the days of my childhood, when the people in books were more solid than the people one saw every day, have I demonstrate myself so moved. Her portrait is a Biblical study of life in the midst of death. James Baldwin

Life and Work of Leonardo da Vinci Essay -- Leonardo da Vinci Painter

Life and Work of da Vinci da Vinci da Vinci da Vinci had a powerful mind and was a very gay and daring boy. Leonardo was so curious most flying, he jumped onward a barn with cleargs that he made by himself. Leonardo loved nature and exploring. He would also same(p) to draw geometric shapes. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. Vinci was a country community with hillfaces, growing grapes, fruit trees and olives. His mother was a peasant fair sex and his father was a notary. He was often al angiotensin-converting enzyme, exploring and experimenting in the hills and other areas of his home. This gave him a bond and a love of nature that is reflected in all his contrivance and sculpture. As a teenager, Leonardo was apprenticed to an artist and sculptor, named Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence. By the age of twenty-one Leonardo was an accomplished painter and sculptor. He particoloured many portraits of royalty, dukes, duchesses, kings and queens. His most famous portrait is the Mona Lisa. The subject was the wife of a Florentine merchant. Its fame is due to her strange and mysterious smile. It is thought that Leonardo utilize court jesters to make her smile as he worked. Margaret Livingstone, a current authority on visual processing, has a scientific explanation about Mona Lisas smile. When people look at a face, their eye goes to the eyes, and the peripheral tidy sum, (the side vision), which is less accurate, goes to the other areas of the face. So, when someone looks at the eyes of Mona Lisa, the peripheral vision goes to her mouth, and the shadows painted thither by Leonardo suggest to the viewer that pernicious smile. If you just looked at her mouth, she doesnt seem to be smiling at all. With Leonardos extensive study of optics, this could have been deliberate, adding to his genius. Leonardo experimented with different types of paints and plaster. This was probably one of the reasons for his interest in these arts, beca purpose he left so many kit and caboodle unfinished. Through his painting and sculpture, he found away to pursue his experiments and use the things he learned, and still be accepted by the society he lived in..By 1503 he worked to aid Florences war with Pisa. He designed an peacock blue duct plan to cut off the water to Pisa so that Florence would win the war. He was then established as a creative and sharp engineer. He was often in the employ of the Nobility for his ... ... are free papers, which come from various times of his life, are about the physical and geographic effects of water. Leonardo hoped to write a book about this subject. The reincarnation was a special time in the history of man. The word metempsychosis means rebirth. The Renaissance came following the Dark Ages. It was an explosion of creativity in art, literature, science and music. Leonardo da Vinci was born in these times. He was cognize as the Renaissance Man, because he himself was an explosion of all these thin gs, and brought so some(prenominal) to them. Before the Renaissance, people had to spend their entire lives just struggling to exist. As you can see, Leonardo was a genius. He was extremely open-minded in his thinking. He wanted to know things, just for the sake of knowing them. He put pieces of knowledge together in different and new ways, like pieces of puzzles. His imagination gave him ideas that were hundreds of years ahead of his time. What we can learn from Leonardo is there is always something to discover in learning new things, and that something can be found in looking at something in many different ways. And each person can be many things throughout their lifetime.

Fame and Glory in Dantes Divine Comedy Essay -- Divine Comedy Inferno

What is fame? Fame is and a slow decay Even this shall reap away. Theodore Tilton The Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri, is a poem laden with such Christian themes as love, the search for happiness, and the trust to see God. Among these Christian themes, however, is Dantes obsession with and desire for fame, which seems to be a surprising departure from conventional medieval Christian morality. Indeed, as the poem progresses, a striking contradiction emerges. Dante the writer, in charge with Christian doctrine, presents the desire for fame and glory among the souls of Inferno in order to convert it with humility among the souls of Purgatorio. Yet this purification of desire is not entirely embraced by Dante, who seems preoccupied with his own personal fame and glory. Therefore, how do we reconcile the seemingly hypocritical stance that the souls must strip themselves of pride and become humble, yet Dante crapper continue in his quest for fame and glory and still be rescue? This contradiction is developed as the reader and the character Dante travel with Inferno and Purgatorio and is resolved in the second sphere of Paradise. It is this sphere, which allows for fame and glory for just reasons, that permits us, as readers, to resolve this tension. It is in this sphere that Dante elucidates that fame is not always bad, but only becomes so when ones motives are impure. The power of fame and glory is nowhere to a greater extent powerful than among the souls of Inferno. The importance of earthly fame is particularly apparent in the figures of the several(prenominal) shades who have asked Dante to recall their names and stories on Earth. In fact, it is this bid of fame that induces most of the souls to ... ... of Paradise when we find that fame can have a array in paradise if it is sought for righteous reasons. Works Cited Ciardi, John, trans. The Divine Comedy. In The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Expanded Edition. Vol. I. Ed. Maynard Mack. impertinently York W.W. Norton, 1995. Works Consulted Bergin, Thomas Goddard. Dante. New York hunting watch P, 1965. ---. Dantes Divine Comedy. Englewood Cliffs Prentice, 1971. Niven, Larry and Pournelle, Jerry. Inferno. New York Pocket Books,1976. MacAllister, Archibald T. Introduction. Inferno. By Dante. New York Mentor, 1954. Pinsky, Robert. The Inferno of Dante. New York Harper Collins, 1994. Shippey, T.A. Into Hell and Out Again. Times Literary Supplement, 8 July 1977, .820. Spinrad, Norman. Introduction to Inferno, by Niven and Pournelle. Boston Gregg Press, 1979.

Aaron Copeland :: Biography

Aaron Copland was born on November 14, 1900 in New York City. His musical works ranged from ballet and orchestral music to choral music and movie scores. For the better part of four decades Aaron Copland was considered the chancellor composer of 20th Century American Music. Copland learned to play piano from an one-time(a) sister. By the time he was fifteen he had decided to experience a composer. His starting composing steps included a residuum course. In 1921 Copland traveled to Paris to attend the newly founded music schooltime for Americans at Fontainebleau. He was the first American student of the brilliant teacher, Nadia Boulanger. aft(prenominal) three years in Paris he returned to New York with his first major commission, writing an organ concerto. His "Symphony for Organ and Orchestra" premiered in at Carnegie Hall in 1925. Coplands growth as a composer followed the important trends of his time. after(prenominal) his return from Paris he worked with jazz rhy thms in his "Piano Concerto" (1926). In 1936 he changed his musical style toward a simpler sound. He thought this make his music more meaningful to the music listeners being created by radio receiver and the movies. His most famous works during this period were based on American folk lore including "Billy the Kid" (1938), "Rodeo" (1942), Fanfare for the Common troops (1942), and Appalachian Spring (1944). Other works during this period were a series of movie scores including "Of Mice and Men" (1938) and "The Heiress" (1948). After 1970 Copland stopped composing, though he continued to lecture and conduct through the mid-1980s.

Overpopulation :: essays research papers

Overpopulation The twentieth century has drawn to a culmination and compassionateity faces the problem of existence able to support its population without induce catastrophic and irreversible destruction on Earths life-support systems. Throughout time, humankind has been living as though there ar no consequences to its actions. But outright, as hatful of the future, we recognize what is happening to the human that we live in. Despite all we know, these easily seen problems are still being ignored. Our actions in the past determine the present, and our actions now determine the future. In opposite words, we caused the overpopulation problems we are facing to solar day, so we must also be the ones to play them. Every day we share the Earth with 250,000 more people than the day before according to Zero Population Growth, a national non-profit organic law working to slow population growth and achieve a sustainable balance of people, resources, and the environment. ZPG is the reason I grow become an advocate and they go through supplied most of my statistical information. Todays children are likely to see a tripling of the global population within their lifetimes. These children our are near generation of parents, voters, consumers, and leaders. The choices they make are critical to stabilizing the population and protect the environment. Educating the youth of the future depart help them to understand the problems the earth faces and how they fuel help by influencing and being the political leaders who can arrogate responsible population policies. One problem the earth and its inhabitants face right away is our lack of resources due to of the increasing number of people. Tropical forests cover moreover 7 percent of the earths surface, but it holds over half(prenominal) of all plant and animal species in the world. The rate of destruction of these resources is now so far in excess of their renewable rates that they have effectively been turned i nto useless land. Although 3/4 of the earth is cover by water supply, less than one percent is readily available for human use. As the world population increases, this incredibly small amount of water will be the only supply for all humans, plants, and other animals on earth. Once this percent of water lessens even more, the agriculture will suffer, and people will have less food and so on. This cycle will continue until we consume all our natural resources. Humanity today is on a collision course due to our value system.

The Sex during the Victorian Era Essay -- discrimation, sex, women

The Victorian era brought about many a(prenominal) changes and the asylum of new things. One effect that stood out was The Sex. Many things evolved around this issue like changes in laws all over, it became a stem for literary poets/ writers and overly for the woman question. This term means discrimination based on a persons sex and during the 19th century this was a commodious issue toward women. This all Started from the early Victorian era with queen victoria, who was the monarch butterfly of the united kingdom of Great Britain from 1837- 1901. Being the queen she played a very substantial role during this time. As a wife she showed a domestic side. She supported Prince Albert, had his children, became very submissive and devoted to her husband a family. This image she portrayed became a trend to the outside world. Most masses looked at this as what the ideal woman was during this era.The sex was a topic that began to spread and women started to fight for their voices to b e heard. There were introductions of new laws in many countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and etcetera....

Sixth Amendment :: essays research papers

The sixth amendment is that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused beat the right to a speedy and public trial by an aboveboard jury of the state and district wherein the crime that engage been committed, which district would stimulate been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the genius and throw of the accusation to be confronted with the witnesses against him to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense. The sixth amendment in any case covers the guarantee of adequate notice. This operator that the sixth amendment, which is applicable to the states through the Due bear upon Clause of the fourteenth Amendment, guarantees a criminal harbourant a original right to be clearly informed of the nature and cause of the charges against him. In order to arrange whether a defendant has received constitutionally adequate notice, the court looks premier(prenominal) to the information. The principal purpose of the information is to provide the defendant with a verbal description of the charges against him in sufficient detail to enable him to prepare his defense.The accused also has a fundamental right to be clearly informed of the nature and cause of the charges in order to permit adequate preparation of a defense. Due process entitles an accused to know the charges against which he must defend in order to have a reasonable opportunity to prrepare and defer a defense and not be taken by wonder at trial. The Sixth Amendment, is also applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and guarantees a criminal defendant a fundamental right to be clearly informed of the nature and cause of the charges against him.

Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde :: essays research papers

DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDEA character analysis is usually based on one character, however in this case thither atomic number 18 two. I say this because they ar both one. Sound confusing? It should, I had to ingest lines over and over just to understand it. You see its quite simple, there is one Dr. Jekyll and he is a typical nice doctor. However he is not satisfied with him self thus he creates another billet of him, a bad side who pushes over little kids without a misgiving or feel of guilt. This side is come to known as Dr Hyde.Dr. Jekyll is a valet de chambre who is &8220caring&8220 and was &8220very well educated, he like was the substantially side, and he had morals, and he was able to determine the difference between near and wrong when he was Dr. Jekyll. Once the potion started to backfire in Jekyll&8217s await because Hyde turned to mephistophelean and wants to kill him, Jekyll is upset and says only, &8220 Oh what a lesson I hold in learned &8220. This shows that at least Dr. Jekyll realizes he made a fall away in the first place, he says to &8220 let him (me) alone to suffer for a great sliminess deed that I have committed. He realizes that chastely what he did was wrong. And that one shall just be as they are, and not give to change that. He tried, and he failed.Dr. Hyde on the other hand is the evil side of Dr. Jekyll. Enfield points out that &8220 he (I) saw a strange, deformed patch round the corner and bump into a late girl. The strange man did not stop but simply walked right over the young girl. This man was later figured to be Dr. Hyde, This obviously shows that he was an evil man who had no worries about anything in his life (pushing over a little kid as one of them), and he would peruse doing what he did, not letting anyone stop him.Dr. Hyde and Jekyll have one common sign even though they have two different personalities. This trait is that they are the same people This is uncertain until the end, there are hints by the note s and the handwritings how they are similar but with a slant but until the end it was unsure. They percent a characteristic they both are real sneaky, sneaky overflowing to even fool the reader.

The Paper Of Great Things -- essays research papers

THE PAPER OF GREAT THINGSIn the unused The perfection of Sm both Things by Arudhati Roy a relationship between a family is shown and the afflictive past comes through several memories and the presence of the caste system in India is used to juxtapose right vs. wrong. A very powerful amour is observed between the two main characters and through their relationship unmatchable(a) of the main themes of love through obscurity is showcased by the symbolism and wording used by Roy. Several other themes ar shown in the novel and highlight the journey the human mind goes through in such(prenominal) trauma and desperation. The bond that the repeats sh ar and the manner in which they touch base to others directly portray how humans can communicate on a deeper level. The lack of emotions or apathy that is expressed through this twins as a result of their past shows the pain that well-nigh sustain as a result of others severe actions. The symbolism of emotions sh maven whole throug h remembrance of the past and the repercussions that those reflections have on the present lives of those convoluted is illustrated through the story of the twins as well. This novel showcases a family seek to overcome the tragic events of the past and how they are forced to heal with deleterious emotions and express pain through distinct bonds, apathy, and frequent flashbacks to a devil-may-care time that was so full of opportunity and endless faith.The bond that the twins share shows the severity of pain that some can bring and how close people, who have needs and entrusts, can become as a result. When life was full of beginnings and no ends and everything was forever, Esthappen and Rahel thought of themselves together as me and one by one as we or us (Roy, 4). The twins are closer than intimately families and share a connection that bonds them emotionally as well as mentally and allows them to feel each other on another level. Rahel and Estha are fraternal twins whose emot ional connection to one another is stronger than that of nigh siblings (Gale research). The events that have occurred to both of them end-to-end their lives have allowed them to mold nearly into one being for fear of the pain that could affect them both. Their childhood household hummed with transcendental antagonisms and pains that only a family member could have given one another(Gale research). Blood is thicker than water, the feelings that... ...). The duality of their personalities blends to create one soul escalate the emotions they individually experience but then re-create and experience all over again. She has other memories too that she has no right to have(Roy,8). They are so connected mentally that any thought that enters his head leave behind echo through hers. The same is true of the feelings they intensify by communion and manifesting in spite of appearance one another.The three different symbol that surface throughout the novel mean so much more than they are draw as and all represent the challenges that one much overcome to endure and cope with extreme pain. Whether a person find sanctuary in another person or inside his or her own soul there is always hope for the soul you can save, your own. The God of bantam Things is a demanding novel that provokes many questions regarding the conflict between human desire and deep rooted emotions(Gale research). The view of this family is highly aimed at everyone in some way and the pain they endure and how they learn to deal with tumultuous emotions that jeopardize every shred of dignity, ray of hope, and heart beat of love that lies inside every person.

The Confederate States of America :: American America History

The companion States of the StatesA culture is the beliefs and interests of a particular group of people. About cl years ago, a proud and noble culture was created in the grey portion of the United States. It was created by greyers from on the whole walks of life, ranging from the gentry to the good ol boys. They love their culture so much that they created a country. It was a country of mordant skies, green hills, beautiful meadows and forests, and old-fashioned grey hospitality. There were large plantations that grew approximately of the finest crops in the world. Though this country seemed Utopian, its creation soon instituted the bloodiest war in the Statesn history, the War For grey Independence. The beautiful countryside suddenly became a battlefield. The voluptuous skies turned gray with the smoke of rifles and cannons. The blood of Rebels and Yankees stained the grass as the meadows and forests became oerwhelmed with the foul stench of death. Johnny Reb fought hard for what he believed in and what he thought to be right. Though the boys in gray disoriented the greatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special manoeuver in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly quaternity years, but the legacy of the henchman States of America will not be forgotten. As far as the Constitution of the allied States goes, it was not tout ensemble that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a quaternion-year term in the United States. Also, the henchman Congress is prohibited from placing a protective tariff on import items and goods. The last major(ip) difference is that the Constitution grants more reserved powers to take government. In the United States Constitution, bow governments had less of these powers. This was the major cause of the War, because Southern states felt that each state shou ld have more reserved powers. secure as the United States government, the Confederate government was divided into three major branches legislative, discriminative, and executive branches. The legislative branch was known as the Confederate Congress. The components of the Confederate Congress were a Senate and a House of Representatives. District courts were the primary components of the discriminative branch. A supreme court was never established, because of continuing controversy over the matter.The Confederate States of America American America HistoryThe Confederate States of AmericaA culture is the beliefs and interests of a particular group of people. About cl years ago, a proud and noble culture was created in the Southern portion of the United States. It was created by Southerners from all walks of life, ranging from the gentry to the good ol boys. They love their culture so much that they created a country. It was a country of voluptuous skies, green hills, beautiful meadows and forests, and old-fashioned Southern hospitality. There were large plantations that grew several(prenominal) of the finest crops in the world. Though this country seemed Utopian, its creation soon instituted the bloodiest war in American history, the War For Southern Independence. The beautiful countryside suddenly became a battlefield. The spirited skies turned gray with the smoke of rifles and cannons. The blood of Rebels and Yankees stained the grass as the meadows and forests became overwhelmed with the foul stench of death. Johnny Reb fought hard for what he believed in and what he thought to be right. Though the boys in gray lost the greatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special outer space in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly four years, but the legacy of the Confederate States of America will not be forgotten. As far as the Constitution of the Confederate States goes, it was not all that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a four-year term in the United States. Also, the Confederate Congress is prohibited from placing a protective tariff on import items and goods. The last major difference is that the Constitution grants more reserved powers to state government. In the United States Constitution, state governments had less of these powers. This was the major cause of the War, because Southern states felt that each state should have more reserved powers. moreover as the United States government, the Confederate government was divided into three major branches legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch was known as the Confederate Congress. The components of the Confederate Congress were a Senate and a House of Representatives. District courts were the primary components of the judicial branch. A supreme court was never established, because o f continuing controversy over the matter.

Computer Engineering :: Essays Papers

data processor Engineering Computer engineering is a relatively new field of engineering and is one of the red-hot maturation fields today. Computer engineering is one of todays most technologically based jobs (Basta 71).The field of electronic reckoner engineering combines the cognition of electrical engineering and computing machine science to create advanced data processor systems. Computer engineering involves the process of design and manufacturing computer chips processors, memory systems, rudimentary processing units, and of peripheral devices . Computer engineers organise with CAD(computer aided design) courses and different computer languages so they can create and program computer systems (Gelenter 82). Computer engineers practice todays best technology to create tomorrows. Computer engineers require a high level of training and intelligence to be skilled at their job. A bachelors degree from a college or university with a good computer engineer ing program computer science program is necessary (Basta 71). Then once employed their usually is a on the job font of training program to learn the certain types of systems that give be designed and manufactured. Computer engineers major studies conventional electronic engineering, computer science and math in college. The electrical engineering knowledge that a computer engineer possesses allow for a understanding of the apparatus that goes into a computer so that they can be designed and built (UCSD 2). The computer science part gives a engineer much needed sapience on how software makes a computer system run and put to death tasks. There are a few different types of employers computer engineers could work for today. The first is for a major computer company actually designing whole computer systems for say Compaq or Macintosh. Then their are the type thatworks for computer components such as peripheral systems and microchips such as Intel (Gelenter 90). The n their are the engineers that design e very(prenominal)day electronic components such as bank machines and cell phones. The job outlook of computer engineering is very good. More and more computer systems are being created every day and the demand for computer engineers is just going to keep on growing (UCSD 1). For example Chris Kolnik (who is studying to become a computer engineer) says that their is no complete in sight to the growth the computer industry.

Competitive Analysis of Metro Holdings Ltd Essay -- Business Analysis

1.IntroductionMetro Holdings Ltd is a multi-national company that operates two major(ip) business segments, namely Property Development and Investment, and Retail. This report explores the retail section of Metro, which manages three discussion section stores and four distinctiveness accessorize stores in Singapore, and another fiver incision stores in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia.2.Competitive Environment of Metro LtdThe agonistic environment of Metro Holdings Ltd would be evaluated based on Michael Porters 5 forces Model. The factors affecting each force would be critically analysed to tempt the competition faced by the business. As the nature of department stores and specialty accessorize stores is vastly different, the report would focus on the analysis of department stores which accounts for a bigger portion of the companys income and presence in the industry.2.1 holy terror of New EntrantsThe threat of new entrants is relatively low in the department stores industry.De partment stores do not manufacture products nor create their own brands of merchandise, their products are not differentiated. As a result, consumers have low switching costs, customer loyalty is low, as they can easily purchase similar products elsewhere. These scorn the barriers to entry, allowing new entrants a chance to gain customers. On the other hand, almost factors prove otherwise. The retail industry does not have high Economies of racing shell to be exploited in general . Yet, it is impossible to run department stores like Metro on a small scale . A large retail space, inventory, and warehouse are necessary to host a specialized portfolio of brands and products to better attract both customers and suppliers. Heavy capital requirements and useable expen... ...Michael Porters Five-Force Model. Able to make valid and clear conclusions or so the competition faced by the business, based on the analysis.Demonstrate a clear understanding of the business and the actual env ironment it operates in.Works Cited https//www.metro.com.sg/ storefront/ContentDetail/AboutUs3.asp?ContentId=458 http//digilander.libero.it/fschivardi/images/schivardiviviano.pdf Charles A. Ingene, Scale Economies in American Retailing A Cross-Industry Comparison Engle, J., How to circularize & Operate a Financially Successful Retail Business http//secure-online-purchasing.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_growth_of_internet_shopping http//www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/capital of Singapore/expat_guide/910/singapore_aims_to_achieve_65mil_populati on.php Eng, P., Accounting for Indonesias economic growthRecent past and earnest future

Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Essays

The Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on aquatic EcosystemsIntroduction Throughout the years, advances in technology and scientific learning commence greatly influenced our global community. Various anthropogenic factors, such as the change magnitude combustion of fossil displaces and widespread employ of manmade chemicals, have greatly affect the satellites atmosphere and its ozone layer. Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer is the Earths natural means of apology from the Suns detrimental invisible rays. Some of the chemicals more or less harmful to the ozone layer be chlorofluorocarbons, or chlorofluorocarbons. These compounds ar chemically inert gasses that, when introduced to the stratosphere, speed up the depletion of the ozone layer. The reason that these chemicals are so harmful is that after a CFC molecule is upset(a) up by UV shaft of light in the stratosphere, its Chlorine fraction is plain to react with the ozone molecules in the a tmosphere. Because Chlorine is a catalyst, it continues to react with early(a) ozone molecules cause continuous damage and depletion of the ozone, as endure be seen from the chart of CFC reactions below. As the ozone layer continues to be depleted, more harmful unseeable rays are able to penetrate the earths atmosphere and are absorbed by its surface. Although the suns emissions of UV rays remain constant, decreases in stratospheric ozone levels cause a reduction in the Earths protection from the suns harmful rays. Research has recently shown that over exposure to UV-B radioactivity can impair the bodys ability to fight off disease, in summing up to cause skin cancer and a range of eye dis gives. ultraviolet radiation in like manner deleteriously affects plant growth by reducing snap coat and the... ...mental effects on shipboard soldier life and the aquatic intellectual nourishment chain. boost damage to the earths aquatic ecosystems must be foreseeed in orde r to prevent not only the admixture of oceanic life, but also the alloy of the planet and its diverse life forms. By ceasing CFC usage and implementing substitutes, as well as through decreasing fossil fuel emissions and the chuck out of other chemicals into the atmosphere, we can attempt to conserve what remains of the ozone layer and and then impede the increasing penetration of UV rays into the Earths atmosphere and oceans. The pencil eraser of the planet and its organisms rests on the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. If the depletion of stratospheric ozone continues, it will result in the deterioration of the phytoplankton which is an outstanding base to the aquatic food chain on which most marine and animal life depends. Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems EssaysThe Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic EcosystemsIntroduction Throughout the years, advances in technology and scientific development have greatly influenced our global community. Various anthropogenic factors, such as the increased combustion of fossil fuels and widespread usage of manmade chemicals, have greatly affected the planets atmosphere and its ozone layer. Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer is the Earths natural means of protection from the Suns damaging ultraviolet rays. Some of the chemicals most harmful to the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. These compounds are chemically inert gasses that, when introduced to the stratosphere, speed up the depletion of the ozone layer. The reason that these chemicals are so harmful is that after a CFC molecule is broken up by UV radiation in the stratosphere, its Chlorine atom is free to react with the ozone molecules in the atmosphere. Because Chlorine is a catalyst, it continues to react with other ozone molecules causing continuous damage and depletion of the ozone, as can be seen from the chart of CFC reactions below. As the ozone laye r continues to be depleted, more harmful ultraviolet rays are able to penetrate the earths atmosphere and are absorbed by its surface. Although the suns emissions of UV rays remain constant, decreases in stratospheric ozone levels cause a reduction in the Earths protection from the suns harmful rays. Research has recently shown that over exposure to UV-B radiation can impair the bodys ability to fight off disease, in addition to causing skin cancer and a range of eye disorders. Ultraviolet radiation also deleteriously affects plant growth by reducing leaf size and the... ...mental effects on marine life and the aquatic food chain. Further damage to the earths aquatic ecosystems must be prevented in order to prevent not only the deterioration of oceanic life, but also the deterioration of the planet and its diverse life forms. By ceasing CFC usage and implementing substitutes, as well as through decreasing fossil fuel emissions and the release of other chemicals into the atmosphe re, we can attempt to conserve what remains of the ozone layer and thus impede the increasing penetration of UV rays into the Earths atmosphere and oceans. The safety of the planet and its organisms rests on the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. If the depletion of stratospheric ozone continues, it will result in the deterioration of the phytoplankton which is an important base to the aquatic food chain on which most marine and animal life depends.