State and Non-state Actors in International Politics

enjoin and Non- enjoin Actors in macrocosm-wide Politics introductionAt the multi issue scene, there ar me real players engaged in what is regarded as the game of planetaryistic Politics. One of the oldest and univers exclusivelyy acknowledged imposters on the modern human race stage is the defer. A present is a eccentric person of polity that is an organized political community living under a single system of government1. A Political community is referred to as a government creditworthy for the citizens under the government. It has been earlier assumed that outside(a) traffic be made up of the traffic between solid grounds. worldwide dealings locoweed be likened to a series of mapions that promote interactions between e utters. Actors be entities that come in in or promote world-wide relations. The 2 types of actors compound in external relations include State and non- put forward actors. State actors exemplify a government while non- posit actors do non . However, they progress to impact on the state actors.A definition of world governing involving unperturbed states as the actors has been ch on the wholeenged since the late 1960s and the early 1970s, since umteen close to opposite(a) actors digest draw way more involved in the process of multi kingdomal political. c in allable to this, world(prenominal) relations promotes International pluralism fostering national interactions. The forces of globalisation and liberalisation in the last three decades of the twentieth century have resulted in a transformation in the world economic expression, thereby undermining the force of states to govern in full capacity. These owing(p) global transformations have had a major allure and have modified the traditional paradigm and theories of internationalist relations, most especially the well-bredize of thought process of realism overdue to its staple fiber proposition that actors represent the states, and the states track peck a system of anarchy. The realist school of thought has however been criticized for its focus on the state view of international relations and its shallow focus on the bothers of war and peace.IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF ACTORS IN tenderkind POLITICS Actors in world politics, states and non-state actors, per Professor Ryo Osiba of Hitotsubashi University, understructure be delimitate as entities which have the following three features2(a) They should have boilers suit capacity to decide on their purposes and interests.(b) They should also have the capability to mobilize needed resources to achieve these purposes and interests and be passionate about appealing for global cooperation.(c) Their actions should be squ atomic number 18 enough to influence the state-to-state relations or the behaviour of other non-state actors in the global system.Inter-Governmental OrganizationEven if states atomic number 18 l the autonomous actors on the world stage (which is chill out an argument), they be non at all the except ones. A group of very fundamental players in the International scene is the intergovernmental organizations otherwise kn deliver as the IGOs. Intergovernmental organizations argon schematic by states, most times by dint of a treaty. The most well-known intergovernmental organizations be the linked Nations (UN). round other IGOs include the Food and kitchen-gardening Organization, International Labour Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International oceanic Organization, knowledge domain Intellectual Property Organization, World Food programmeme, etc.3. Since, IGOs only lick by the consent of states, states maintain their sovereignty. Furthermore, most IGOs really do not possess the agent to enforce state follow up with their decisions. At least, not without the tending of violenceful states. For example, since the United States is a permanent fragment of the UNs Security Council, alo ng with China, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, it can veto each indispensable UN resolution.In accordance to liberal institutionalism, states join Intergovernmental Organisations because it is in their interest to do so. Their membership makes certain problems easily solved and at a less(prenominal) cost than without them. Liberal institutionalism particularly, focuses on collective problems, much(prenominal) as the bail dilemma, the appeal to execute competitive tariffs, and the difficulty in agreeing to protect the environment. 4 at that place is a need for States to correspond and behave with one other to contend other states to make sure that they be honouring their commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. For example, in the free trade lesson, the World Trade Organization was created to coordinate the dialogue of tariffs and to further deliver the goods a mechanism and avenue for the resolving of disputes. Some of these tasks will be more expensive and complicated to execute without the IGOs. in that respect ar situations where IGOs are not only created to solve problems nevertheless to provide platforms for discussion.Some examples of IGOs and their functions include5IGOFUNCTIONUnited Nations (UN)Maintain international peace and security. resurrect friendly relations among nations. Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems. Function as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nationsWorld BankThis International Financial Institution works on reducing poverty. It helps create countries by giving loans.The Group of Eight (G8)The Group of 8 is made up of the worlds leading industrialcountries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USAand Russia). The head of the G8 countries meet each social class todiscuss global issues such as world poverty and security. northwestward Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Military alliance. A system of collective defence where its member states agree to mutual defence in reception to an attack by any external partyNongovernmental OrganizationsNot all actors play governmental roles in the International scene. Nongovernmental organizations, also called NGOs, are defined as non- wampum organizations who advocate or otherwise pursue policies for the good of the public. Nongovernmental organizations are engaged in issues such as tender-hearted rights humanitarian aid, economic development, and social welfare, among other things. Some well-known NGOs include the Red Cross, Greenpeace, Oxfam, and for assumptioness International. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)In the 21st century, many people have discovered that by being a part of Non-governmental organizations they could in a way participate in the global system and lobby to influence International organizations. more or less have joined as members of one or more NGOs, which are more about members and not states, and have volunteers from nations of two or more states which have for med organizations to promote their shared interests and ideas to influence the policies of state governments and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). NGOs tackle many global problems and seek changes in the world for causes such as disarmament, environmental protection, human rights and many more.Most pursue objectives that are highly respected and constructive, and therefore do not provoke any controversy or arouse much opposition.NGOs interact with states, sub-state actors, MNCs, and other NGOs. NGOs are change magnitudely being recognized in the UN and other forums, as let actors along with states and is not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or a technical one. there are times when NGOs combine efforts by means of transnational advocacy networks. By joining NGOs, many people frame that they could participate in the global system and lobby to influence international organizations. Some examples of NGOs in clude amnesty International oblivion International is a widely distri onlyed movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights for all. They conduct research and generate action to pr take downt and end sincere abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. Some of the issues that has been campaign are armed conflict issues and protection of civilians, basic welfare of children, LGBT rights, rights of people with AIDS, womens rights, stultification rights, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation, freedom of the press and many more6OxfamAn international confederation of 17 organizations networkedtogether in 92 countries, as part of a global movement for change, to build a afterlife free from the injustice of poverty. The well-known organization works to help egest global poverty with long-term and sustainable solutions.7AIESEClinks students worldwideWorld Wide Fund for Natureworks on issues regard ing the conservation, research and restoration of the environment) and hundreds and thousands more of NGOs to goWikimedia FoundationIs dedicated to encouraging the growth, development and distribution of free, multilingual content, and to providing the full content of these wiki-based projects to the public free of charge. The Wikimedia Foundation processs some of the largest collaboratively edited reference projects in the world, including Wikipedia, a top-ten internet property8PATHIt stands for Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, work with the private and public sectors to help with advancing technologies to address global health challenges.Political Groups that Advocate armed forces unit (Terrorists) Terrorists or rather political groups that advocate violence might not call themselves NGOs, but they pursue in the same manner which are by interacting both with states and with relevant populations and institutions through violence and planning attacks. These group s held slap-up power and can influence the international relations between states9. A group that is currently alive(p) now is the Al-Qaeda. The incidence on the stunningly destructive attack of September 11, 2001 by members of Al-Qaeda, has demonstrated the increase power that technology gives terrorists as non-state actors. Other than that, the Al Qaeda also lay suicide bombers in U.S. cities, coordinate their operations and finances through net profit and global banking system, and reach a global audience with the videotaped exhortations of Osama bin Laden.International Criminal Groups These actors are considered as transnational actors but they act in an illegitimate manner. Transnational malefactors often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally unite to carry out illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. Thesetransnational organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally, their action at law is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business sector endeavors. Most of these groups are involved in drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, firearms and many other crimes. Some examples of international criminal groups would be the Yakuza in Japan, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy and Triads in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and in countries with significant Chinese population.transnational EnterprisesTransnational Actors Transnational actors are actors that are active below the state direct as well as crosswise the state b set ups. in that location are two types of transnational actors. They are the transnational corporations(TNCs) or multinational corporations(MNCs) and the nongovernmental organizations(NGOs). Transnational Corporations(TNCs) / Multinational Corporations(MNCs). Other group of actors in International relations are Multinational companies. They are companies whose a ims is to make profit and their business interests transcend across more than one state. Most times, these Multinational Enterprises do command vast amounts of resources that rival, and even surpass, the resources of smaller states.Examples of MNEs include Dangote Group, Epson, Facebook, GlaxoSmithKline, coding DNA Mobil, etc.It is however strategic to argument that these interests of Multinational Enterprises do not necessarily correspond with or favor the interests of the states in which they operate, or even with their home state where the Multinational Enterprises was formed and their headquarter situated. For example, an MNE may be strange to trade sanctions on another state, even if its home state wants the sanctions to avenge bad behavior, because the sanctions are bad for its business. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are companies that have headquarter in one state but invest and operate extensively in other states.MNCs are based in one state but have branches or subsi diaries in operation(p) in other states. In other words, MNC is a large corporation operating on a worldwide basis in many countries at the same time, with fixed facilities and employees in each.The types of MNCs areIndustrial corporationsmakes goods in agenties in many countries and sell them to business and consumers in various countries. The largest MNCs are automobile, oil, and electronic industries. Almost all the MNCS are based in the G7 states. Examples of this MNCs are Sony, Honda, Toyota, Petronas and more.Financial corporationssuch as banks, they operate multi nationally with more restrictions than industrial corporations. Examples areOversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and others. runSuch as McDonalds fast-food chain, international airlines like MAS, Asiana Airlines and more, Hilton Hotels Resorts and many others.Multinational Corporations are becoming more powerful as independent actors. A great number of the industrial MNCs have annual turn over g ross revenue of one million millions of dollars. MNCs are most times able to match with most international organizations in terms of size and financial resources. The largest IGO (UN) has about 2 billion dollars a year in revenue, compare to more than 250 billion dollars for the largest MNC. The largest state (United States) has government revenues of 2 trillion dollars. Therefore, this shows that the power of MNCs does not rival the largest states but exceeds many poorer states and many IOs.10Multinational Corporations are viewed as citizens of a world beholden to no government11. They act internationally in the interests of their (international) shareholders and do owe no form loyalty to no state. They have the motivation maximise profits. MNCs operations support a global business infrastructure weding a transnational community of businesspeople.MNCs also contribute to their host countrys development. As MNCs operate in other states, it will provide job opportunities for the l ocals in that state and thus, helped to stabilize the economy in that state.12In determining if States are still the most important players in International politics, it is important to examine theories cerebrate to this argument1. Realism Realism portrays the political system of the world as an anarchic struggle for power and security among competing states. Per realism, there is at all no higher authority than that of the states. Due to this, states in alliance with other states or individually, make provision for their own defence. Power therefore is the only means of achieving security. Security also follows from the willingness to act prevent any state from achieving a preeminent and threatening position in International politics.2. footism this school of thought view International politics as organized in line with capitalist imperatives. International relations are structured, conceptualised and dominated by the unequal relationship between the developed and developing worl ds. Therefore, a Radical systematic change is important to achieve security on a global platform, security here is understood as a ingredient of the satisfaction of basic needs for the population of the world irrespective of their national identity.3. Liberal Internationalism The liberal Nationalist view suggests that there are certain reasons to believe that the dominant identity of states might be weakening. International institutions, international law, International trade and international commerce have all contributed tremendously to the developing global community. So therefore, we should describe the world not just in terms of state interaction only but also in terms of an increasing community.why states are no loger the key actorsPer the traditional perspective, states play the major role in international Politics but after the World War, communications technology has been on the rise, international division of labor and the expansion of global trade, a great number of inte rnational organizations have also baseed. The international scene has changed due to the forces of globalization. It is now of importance that states communicate with one other, which influence international political, economic, troops and culture to a great degree. The increasing number of these organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of political, economic, war machine and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states. These kinds of non-state actors challenge the state- centric perception. There are two prevailing theories about the role of the state in international relations. Neorealism emphasizes the state plays the most important role in international arena. On one hand, the state possesses sovereign power to insure domestic help security. On the other hand, neorealism also stresses the state influence economy in international relations. Neoliberalism not only indicates that the state is the main behavior bole in international system, but als o affirms the role of non-states, such as international organization, transnational organizations and other kinds of social organizations. As a spin-off of intensified globalization process, these kinds of organizations have become more significant determinants of unlike policies of the state.By looking at globalization, the proliferation of non-state actors is gaining international influence and position. Non-state actors can be divided into international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and transnational or international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). International intergovernmental organizations are created by states. They have official document of government agencies. On the contrary, transnational or international non-governmental organizations are established not by the state, but by some group of businessmen, individuals and other societal units. They have no legal connection with the state, so they are genuinely transnational. But the state can restrain the a ctivities of these kinds of organizations.There are several powerful organizations such as the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations. Though these organizations own strong power in the international relations, they are entire operate by states.Along with the intensification of globalization the growth of so many kinds of non-state actors is bound to influence the status of the state in international relations. But they cannot substitute for the state. The state is still the most important actor in international relations.The role of the state in the international economy, politics and climateThe question of whether the advent of Globalization can lead to extinction of State importance in the International hemisphere would be examined. Cristopher Clapham believes that the globalization is at the core of human existence such that it can be found in every sphere of importance such as the economy, politics and climate13The influence on glo balization on the economy from State level to the world stage cannot be overemphasised but the State still has legitimate power on certain levels. If a company is to establish its organization in a State, t is under the jurisdiction of that State. The state wield the authority to allow, suspend or close down any operating company within its territory. This point tends to the State the most important actor in international politics as it has the right to qualify the scope of a companys operations.States are the components of International politics and it(international politics) is significant in fostering international cooperation, conducting business and ensuring world peace among States.The peace of the world is of grave importance in international politics. The world peace is not attainable by just a state. This goal of peace is only brought out by the endeavour of the whole world. International organizations are make great deal of efforts to prevent any form of chaos that can b e caused by war, but still the mantle rests on the shoulders of the state to play the major role in international Politics. Global calefacient is another issue gradually become a significant in the world due to climate globalization. The negative effects of global melt could have adverse effects on the climate such as the rising of sea levels which affects the world as a whole. States have interpreted it upon themselves to eradicate this problem by drafting policies. An example of an international pact called the Kyoto Protocol has been formulated to ensure States take actions necessary to cut down pollution and prevent greenhouse effect. It is worthy to note that such policies can only to drafted by Stats and International organizations can only support them in actualising these goals. This further proves the importance of states in the international hemisphere.After reviewing the more normal treatment of actors in assorted theoretical perspectives, and if non-state actors are a factor to be reckoned with in the study of world politics, it is important to conceptualize these types of actors.Non-State Actors are most times seen as very having little influence on world politics especially from the perspectives of the realist and other state centric, according to them, it is preponderantly states that retain power in international relations but this boldness has been faulted because when realism and liberalism were developed as consistent theories, the influence of non-state actors was indeed very limited and close to non-existence hour gear, by focusing on the state as main actors, state-centric theories overlook the importance of corroborative influence of Non State actor.Watzlawick, Weakland Fisch (dentify two types of changeFirst order change describes the change within a system, whilst second order change is the change of the system itself, therefore could be considered as meta-change. Although Watzla wicket al. Were concerned with change on the p sychological level of human interaction, they note that their concept of change is also applicable to a wide variety of systems. In the system of international politics, prime(prenominal) order change is a change that is part of the system and the political structure actors engage in, and thus plays a part retaining the current political structure.Second order change however will lead to a square change of the political structure and the way that political actors interact. However, it is necessary to note that an actor may affect international relations, even though it is not in the way desired by the actor itself. This would be the case if the action of an actor is met with fierce resistance, which would consequentially change the system in a way not desired by the original actor.NSAs have been defined as actors that do not represent the states, but act on an international level. They include Intergovernmental organisations), transnational corporations, non-governmental organisat ions, epistemic communities (i.e. Networks of scientists and experts and others which include criminal and terrorist organisations. With regard to the first group, IGOs, there is a disparity whether they can be considered as real NSA, because they are set up and controlled by governments of nation states it is necessary to consider the influence exerted by NSAs on a multi-level basis. For example, a NSA may try to influence international l politics by lobbying on the domestic level of a state or in international organisations. TNCs are international corporations with offices and products in different countries. Multi-National Companies can form a huge influence on local laws. An example of this is the US-based TNC Texaco, whilst operating in Ecuador, was technically immune to human rights claims. The company dumped toxic overplus in the Amazon region.In realism theory, it is assumed that a sovereign country-in this case Ecuador-has to ensure that human rights are enforced, and has the power to do so .Hence ,TNCs only indirectly banknoteable for human rights obligation s through government regulation .But due to the importance of foreign investment ,particularly for developing countries ,particularly developing countries cannot follow their obligations (Texaco ,with global earning s four times the size of Ecuadors GDP ,was able to operate as a state unto itself admittedly ,it could be argued that Texaco acted as a pro -longed arm of the United States There have been cases where Multinational companies have been able to exercise significant influence over their home countries .As demonstrated, TNCs show a high capacity for first order change ,although often indirectly by using governments and international organisation . There is a considerable structural dependence of states on Multi National Companies, which will make policy makers take business interests into account when drafting legislation without being pressured. However, it is difficult to account fo r such indirect powers without political activity, because they are not trace able. NGOs are non-profit, non-violent organisations that are not set up by the government and are not laborious to get hold of power. Examples are the French civil rights group La Quadraturedu Net, Amnesty International and the role of foreign NGOs involved in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution will be investigated. La Quadrature is a civil right s organisation that lobbies for net neutrality on European level. It takes position for ne t neutrality and against copyright extension and software patents and is supported by the American Electronic Frontier Foundation In their recent campaign against the three strikes approach, proposed under the French EU presidency, La Quadrature was quite successful in achieving their goals. Most of the amendments they lobbied against were rejected and some of their own proposals put into place instead. Within the framework of intergovernmental organisations, this capacity g ives it greater power than any single government (Willets 1982, p24, ascitedin Arts2003, p7). Thus, after an extensive campaign against torture, Amnesty International co-drafted the anti-torture convention Again, one might question the relevance of Amnesty sanctions. However, Arts (2003) notes that there salting treaty we profound change in the underlying principle of the international community and affected states sovereignty states could no longer refer to human rights abuses as internal matters. American NGOs encouraging the Ukrainian democracy movements have often been criticised for taking sides to increase US influence over the Ukraine. But Wilson (2006) notes that oppositional NGOs were not overly advantaged by westerly funds, although support for governmental initiatives was cutback in consequence of a lack of co-operation by the Ukrainian government .Even so, pre-revolutionary backing for the government Russia was significantly higher than overall Western funds(Wilson2006 ).Instead ,oppositional NGOs used their money much more effectively and Western-funded get away polls proved an important tool in preventing voting put-on (Wilson2006).The resulting regime change affected Ukrainian-Russian relations drastically and it has been suggested that it is partly responsible for quarrels over gas prices that affected EU gas deliveriesinwinter2008(Wilson2006,Willershausen 2008). Ithancommercialones(Buse2001). But grooming such NSAs into international agreements banning land mines presents severe complications to international politics. legion(predicate) NSAs are not willing to sign a ban, whereas some states turn down to join the ban, because hostile NSAs are still using land mines. Additionally, monitor is difficult. Military NSAs are not bound to law of the state the operate in, precisely because this state cannot retain control. (Buse2001) Therefore, Buse(2001) stresses the importance of Recognising the relevance of NSAs in international politics indi vidually, NGOs tend to operate on small single-issues, and have much less competencies compared to governments. The sheer number of NGOs still makes the man important actor on the international scene, maybe not individually but as a whole(Arts2003).However ,as demonstrated ,NGOs are not only clear of first order change ,but in the case of Amnesty ,also second order change, by changing the structure of state interaction Terrorist and military guerilla groups affect international politics in a different way .Thus ,in disintegrating states ,some NSAs are the de-facto government(Buse2001,Cusimano-Love2002).This does not only poses severe problems for the local population but also complicates the political interaction on an international level. match to Buse (2001) land mines pose a major problem as they contaminate land even years after wars, and because se lf-produced land mine soft en used by military NSAs are even more dangerous Particularly after the nipping war and within creasi ng globalisation, NSAs were able to fill gaps left by declining state influence over political, social and economic conditions (Cusimano-Love2002,Jochnick1999). NSAs benefited drastically from increasing globalisation. The increasing importance of international media and Internet has given NGOs a platform to connect with other NGOs and raise support and awareness for the issues they stand for .Additionally ,human rights groups have been given important tasks in securing the survival of people in humanitarian crises (